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Production two-tower improvement gemini-3-8-flash-high-07

The full recorded conversation, expanded from start to finish: instructions, agent messages, and tool inputs and responses.

This recording includes 152 readable reasoning summaries, shown in full below.

Agent
gemini-3.8-flash · Gemini CLI · high effort
Recorded conversation
49:11 · 74 steps
Private reward
Not recorded · Invalid submission
Attempt cost
$1.25
  • Thinking
  • Model text
  • Tool call
  • Tool response
01

User context

+00:00
User context

<session_context> This is the Gemini CLI. We are setting up the context for our chat. Today's date is Tuesday, September 29, 2026 (formatted according to the user's locale). My operating system is: linux The project's temporary directory is: /home/agent/.gemini/tmp/app

  • Workspace Directories:
  • /app
  • Directory Structure:

Showing up to 200 items (files + folders).

/app/ └───solution/

</session_context>

02

Task instructions

+00:00
Task instructions

Improve a production music-discovery two-tower

You have joined the recommendations team for a music streaming service. The "Made for You" shelf is served by a mature production two-tower model. Its chronological data protocol and indexed serving path are sound, but its offline retrieval quality no longer clears the team's next launch gate.

Your job is to investigate the production model, improve its retrieval quality, and ship a better ranking artifact. Use the implementation and public validation data to form and test your own diagnosis.

The source used to reproduce the production model is included under /task/current_model/. You may copy it into /app/solution/, edit it, add tests, and improve its training objective, but keep the data protocol, two-tower serving contract, and evaluation boundary intact.

Production Context

The model must satisfy a strict request-time latency budget. Item vectors are precomputed offline. At request time, one user vector is computed from observed interaction history and compared with candidate item vectors by a batchable two-tower score. Do not introduce a cross-encoder, per-candidate sequence model, or user-ID lookup table.

The current trainer is a mature baseline with chronological internal validation. Focus your investigation on how its training objective selects and uses negative examples. Diagnose limitations in the current negative-sampling strategy and improve it under the fixed CPU budget. Validate changes with the public backtest. The final approach must still train and rank within the supplied CPU environment while preserving the serving and data boundaries above.

What You Have

All public inputs are under /task/data/. A stage cutoff is the timestamp at which observed history and candidate eligibility are frozen for a ranking. The public validation stage cutoff is 24786800, when train_* ends. A 30-minute gap precedes the seven-day val_* window. For the final submission, that validation window becomes observed history, and another 30-minute gap precedes the hidden seven-day outcome window.

The package includes:

  • /task/current_model/train_current_model.py: the production training and ranking script. It can reproduce the public validation ranking and produce a hidden-test submission after refitting.
  • /task/current_model/two_tower_model.py: model primitives used by the production script.
  • /task/evaluate_public.py: the public validation evaluator for development.
  • /task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz and /task/data/test_eligible_candidates.npz: platform-owned candidate sets for the validation and hidden-test cutoffs.
  • /task/data/validation_preference_state.parquet and /task/data/test_preference_state.parquet: active explicit preference state at the corresponding cutoffs.
  • /task/requirements.txt: the exact offline Python distribution inventory.

You can reproduce the production public backtest with:

python /task/current_model/train_current_model.py \
  --stage validation \
  --public-dir /task \
  --output /app/solution/production_validation.parquet
python /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/production_validation.parquet

Data

For each event family there is a train_*.parquet and val_*.parquet file:

FamilyMeaningColumns
listensPlayback eventsuid, timestamp, item_id, is_organic, played_ratio_pct, track_length_seconds
likesExplicit positive actionsuid, timestamp, item_id, is_organic
dislikesExplicit negative actionsuid, timestamp, item_id, is_organic
unlikesReversal of a prior likeuid, timestamp, item_id, is_organic
undislikesReversal of a prior dislikeuid, timestamp, item_id, is_organic

is_organic=1 means the listener sought out the track; 0 means the action came through a recommendation surface. A listen is a conventional positive at 50% completion. The discovery-quality objective below uses the stronger 80% threshold.

The two public windows have different roles:

  1. For model development and selection, train only from train_* and score the subsequent val_* outcomes.
  2. After selecting an improvement, refit it on train_* + val_*. At hidden-test time the validation events are observed history, not recommendable outcomes.

Do not use val_* events as features when measuring a validation ranking. They may and should be used when refitting the final hidden-test ranker.

Additional files under /task/data/:

  • candidate_catalog.parquet: the 30,000 retrieval-catalog tracks, ordered by training positive-listen popularity.
  • target_users.parquet: users with at least 20 positive listens in the 90 days before the training cutoff, selected without future labels.
  • validation_preference_state.parquet: active explicit state at the training cutoff, for validation ranking.
  • test_preference_state.parquet: active explicit state after validation, for the final hidden-test ranking. State is liked or disliked; a pair may have both active channels.
  • validation_eligible_candidates.npz and test_eligible_candidates.npz: cutoff-correct candidate sets for every target user. Each contains aligned arrays uids, item_ids, and packed_eligible. For user row r, recover the Boolean item mask with np.unpackbits(packed_eligible[r], count=len(item_ids), bitorder="little").

Validation candidates exclude all train_* encounters. Test candidates exclude all train_* and val_* encounters. Future test interactions are hidden and used only by the separate Harbor verifier.

Discovery Objective

Rank only the candidates returned for the relevant cutoff. Relevance is based on organic behavior in the immediately following window:

  • grade 3: the user organically likes the track;
  • grade 1: the user organically listens to at least 80% of the track;
  • grade 0: otherwise.

If both positive events occur, grade 3 wins. Ranking quality is measured with graded NDCG@10. DCG uses gain 2^grade - 1 and discount 1/log2(rank + 1), then averages per-user NDCG over users with at least one relevant item.

The public evaluator reports this same objective for development, but its score is not a separate acceptance stage. Final acceptance is determined on the hidden test using the same objective. The Yambda logs contain interactions, not impression propensities; treat the organic objective as a robust offline target, not as a causal estimate of online lift.

Deliverable

Submit one final ranking as /app/solution/submission.parquet or /app/solution/submission.csv. It must be a regular file, not a symbolic link. If both files exist, the verifier evaluates submission.parquet and ignores submission.csv.

The ranking must:

  • include the columns uid, item_id, and rank; only these columns are evaluated;
  • use finite, integer-valued entries in all three required columns;
  • cover exactly the users in target_users.parquet, with no missing or extra users;
  • contain exactly 100 rows and 100 distinct items for every target user;
  • contain every integer rank from 1 through 100 exactly once per user; and
  • use only items present in that user's test_eligible_candidates.npz candidate set.

Also leave the improved implementation used to build the artifact at /app/solution/train_current_model.py, along with any local modules it imports. A concise /app/solution/README.md with the diagnosis, before-and-after public score, model change, and submission command is useful for the experiment record, but it is not an automated acceptance gate.

Constraints

  • Write deliverables and intermediate artifacts only under /app/solution/.
  • Treat /task/ and the installed Python environment as read-only.
  • Do not invoke nested agents or attempt to access verifier files, credentials, other trials, or host paths.
  • Do not install packages or use network access except for the model-provider connection managed by Harbor.
  • Do not alter cutoff definitions, target users, candidate eligibility, or relevance labels.
  • Improve the production pipeline in place. Do not substitute an unrelated model family or evade the indexed two-tower serving constraint.
  • The environment includes CPU PyTorch 2.8.0. No accelerator is available.
  • You have up to 60 minutes. Prioritize measured validation improvements, a correct final refit, and a valid submission over broad architecture search.
  • Keep the best valid submission saved throughout the attempt so it survives the deadline.
03

update_topic command

+00:16
Recorded reasoning summary 36 words

Improving Recommendation Model

I'm currently focused on enhancing our production music-discovery two-tower recommendation model. My approach prioritizes understanding the core mandates and guidelines, with a strong emphasis on operational intent and technical rationale to drive improvements.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Refining Candidate Selection

I'm now concentrating on refining how we select candidate items for users. My focus is on ensuring we strictly adhere to the provided constraints for candidate eligibility and then generating the final, ranked output file as specified.

Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Implementing Model Refinements

I've made concrete improvements to the training script and local modules within /app/solution. My documentation now includes crucial details on diagnosis, performance metrics, and submission commands. I'm ensuring all artifacts remain contained and the environment is treated as read-only, adhering strictly to operational constraints.

Tool callupdate_topicTool call Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "summary": "Initiating investigation into the music recommendation two-tower model. We will inspect /task/current_model/ and /task/data/, run the baseline model training and public validation evaluation to establish the baseline NDCG@10 score, and understand the existing negative sampling and loss function.",
  "strategic_intent": "Begin research by inspecting the task files, existing model architecture, and establishing the baseline validation score.",
  "title": "Researching Baseline and Model Architecture"
}

Tool response

Current topic: "Researching Baseline and Model Architecture"
Topic summary: Initiating investigation into the music recommendation two-tower model. We will inspect /task/current_model/ and /task/data/, run the baseline model training and public validation evaluation to establish the baseline NDCG@10 score, and understand the existing negative sampling and loss function.

Strategic Intent: Begin research by inspecting the task files, existing model architecture, and establishing the baseline validation score.
Tool calllist_directoryTool call Error

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/task"
}

Tool response · Tool error

Path not in workspace: Attempted path "/task" resolves outside the allowed workspace directories: /app or the project temp directory: /home/agent/.gemini/tmp/app
Tool calllist_directoryTool call Error

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/task/current_model"
}

Tool response · Tool error

Path not in workspace: Attempted path "/task/current_model" resolves outside the allowed workspace directories: /app or the project temp directory: /home/agent/.gemini/tmp/app
Tool callread_file/task/evaluate_public.py Error

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/task/evaluate_public.py",
  "end_line": 100,
  "start_line": 1
}

Tool response · Tool error

Path not in workspace: Attempted path "/task/evaluate_public.py" resolves outside the allowed workspace directories: /app or the project temp directory: /home/agent/.gemini/tmp/app
04

List /task and /task/data contents, and copy current_model source and evaluate_public.py to /app/solution

+00:22
Recorded reasoning summary 52 words

Exploring File Access Capabilities

I'm currently examining the boundaries of my file system access. It appears list_directory and read_file are confined to specific directories, while run_shell_command offers more flexibility. My next step is to test if I can leverage run_shell_command to access or move files from /task into the permitted /app directories.

Model text

I will copy the production model source files and evaluator from /task/ to /app/solution/ so that we can inspect and modify them within our workspace, and list the files in /task/.

Tool callrun_shell_commandList /task and /task/data contents, and copy current_model source and evaluate_public.py to /app/solution Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "List /task and /task/data contents, and copy current_model source and evaluate_public.py to /app/solution",
  "command": "ls -la /task && ls -la /task/data && cp -r /task/current_model/* /app/solution/ && cp /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/ && ls -la /app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: total 40
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 29 01:19 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 29 01:22 ..
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    0 Sep 29 01:17 .keep
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 29 01:17 current_model
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 29 01:18 data
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 5774 Sep 29 01:17 evaluate_public.py
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 8265 Sep 29 01:17 ranking_evaluation.py
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1295 Sep 29 01:17 requirements.txt
total 347396
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root      4096 Sep 29 01:18 .
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root      4096 Sep 29 01:19 ..
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    349352 Sep 29 01:17 candidate_catalog.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root     84127 Sep 29 01:17 target_users.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   7736341 Sep 29 01:17 test_eligible_candidates.npz
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   1092329 Sep 29 01:18 test_preference_state.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    857213 Sep 29 01:17 train_dislikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   5374652 Sep 29 01:17 train_likes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 319183255 Sep 29 01:17 train_listens.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    155988 Sep 29 01:17 train_undislikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   1855885 Sep 29 01:17 train_unlikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root     36571 Sep 29 01:17 val_dislikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    298484 Sep 29 01:17 val_likes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   9947609 Sep 29 01:17 val_listens.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root      7845 Sep 29 01:17 val_undislikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root     72536 Sep 29 01:17 val_unlikes.parquet
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   7573821 Sep 29 01:17 validation_eligible_candidates.npz
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   1061761 Sep 29 01:18 validation_preference_state.parquet
total 116
drwxr-xr-x 1 agent agent  4096 Sep 29 01:23 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 agent agent  4096 Sep 29 01:19 ..
-r--r--r-- 1 agent agent  5774 Sep 29 01:23 evaluate_public.py
-r--r--r-- 1 agent agent 80058 Sep 29 01:23 train_current_model.py
-r--r--r-- 1 agent agent 15985 Sep 29 01:23 two_tower_model.py
Process Group PGID: 1612
</untrusted_context>
05

Copy ranking_evaluation.py and inspect CPU and RAM availability

+00:25

Model text

I will copy ranking_evaluation.py to /app/solution/ and check the system resources (CPU, RAM).

Tool callrun_shell_commandCopy ranking_evaluation.py and inspect CPU and RAM availability Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Copy ranking_evaluation.py and inspect CPU and RAM availability",
  "command": "cp /task/ranking_evaluation.py /app/solution/ && lscpu | grep \"CPU(s):\" && free -h",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: CPU(s):                                  8
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-7
/usr/bin/bash: line 4: free: command not found
Exit Code: 127
Process Group PGID: 1619
</untrusted_context>
06

Check system RAM via /proc/meminfo

+00:26

Model text

I will check system memory using /proc/meminfo.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck system RAM via /proc/meminfo Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Check system RAM via /proc/meminfo",
  "command": "cat /proc/meminfo | head -n 5"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: MemTotal:       15988964 kB
MemFree:         1416584 kB
MemAvailable:   14479128 kB
Buffers:          247236 kB
Cached:         12490644 kB
Process Group PGID: 1625
</untrusted_context>
07

read_file evaluate_public.py

+00:29
Tool callread_file/app/solution/evaluate_public.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/evaluate_public.py",
  "start_line": 1,
  "end_line": 150
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1-150 of 158 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 151.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Score a validation-stage ranking against public discovery labels.

``build_task.py`` publishes this module with the solver-visible task files. It
loads target users, validation eligibility, and validation-window events from
the adjacent ``data`` directory, then evaluates one ranking supplied on the
command line. Stage-independent mechanics come from the adjacent public
``ranking_evaluation.py`` module. The builder installs the same checked-in
module in the private judge, so public and private scoring mechanics cannot
drift. A relevant candidate receives grade 3 for an organic like or grade 1 for
an organic listen with at least 80 percent completion; a like takes precedence
when both events exist.

Before scoring, the ranking must contain exactly 100 distinct eligible items
for every target user, with integer-valued ``uid``, ``item_id``, and ``rank``
columns and ranks 1 through 100 exactly once per user. Extra columns are
ignored. Quality is graded NDCG@10, averaged only over users who have at least
one eligible relevant item in the validation window.

The evaluator prints a JSON object containing the model path and scores. It
does not apply the task's pass threshold; its purpose is model development and
selection. The private judge applies the threshold to the final submission.

Usage::

    python evaluate_public.py <validation-ranking.parquet|csv>
"""
from __future__ import annotations

import json
import sys
from pathlib import Path

import pandas as pd

from ranking_evaluation import (
    CandidateSet,
    RankingValidationError,
    ranked_items,
    read_ranking,
    score_rankings,
    validate_ranking,
)


HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
DATA = HERE / "data"
LISTEN_STRONG = 80


def validation_truth(
    eligibility: CandidateSet, targets: set[int]
) -> dict[int, dict[int, int]]:
    """Build cutoff-correct graded relevance from public validation events.

    Only target-user events for eligible candidates are retained. Organic
    listens completed to at least 80 percent receive grade 1, and organic likes
    receive grade 3. Repeated user-item events are collapsed, and processing
    likes second ensures that grade 3 wins over grade 1.

    Args:
        eligibility: Validation-cutoff candidate membership service.
        targets: Complete set of target user IDs.

    Returns:
        A nested ``uid -> item_id -> grade`` mapping. Users without an eligible
        relevant event are omitted.
    """
    listens = pd.read_parquet(DATA / "val_listens.parquet")
    likes = pd.read_parquet(DATA / "val_likes.parquet")
    strong = listens[
        listens.uid.isin(targets)
        & (listens.is_organic == 1)
        & (listens.played_ratio_pct >= LISTEN_STRONG)
    ][["uid", "item_id"]].drop_duplicates()
    organic_likes = likes[
        likes.uid.isin(targets) & (likes.is_organic == 1)
    ][["uid", "item_id"]].drop_duplicates()

    graded: dict[int, dict[int, int]] = {}
    for raw_uid, raw_item in strong.itertuples(index=False, name=None):
        uid, item = int(raw_uid), int(raw_item)
        if eligibility.is_eligible(uid, item):
            graded.setdefault(uid, {})[item] = 1
    for raw_uid, raw_item in organic_likes.itertuples(index=False, name=None):
        uid, item = int(raw_uid), int(raw_item)
        if eligibility.is_eligible(uid, item):
            graded.setdefault(uid, {})[item] = 3
    return graded


def load_submission(
    path: Path, eligibility: CandidateSet, targets: set[int]
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
    """Load and validate a public validation ranking.

    Files ending in ``.parquet`` are read as parquet; every other suffix is
    read as CSV. The required columns must be integer-valued, cover exactly the
    target-user set, contain 100 rows and ranks 1 through 100 per user, avoid
    duplicate user-item pairs, and contain only cutoff-eligible items.

    Args:
        path: Ranking file to read.
        eligibility: Validation-cutoff candidate membership service.
        targets: Exact set of users the ranking must cover.

    Returns:
        A ``uid -> ranked item IDs`` mapping ordered by ascending rank.

    Raises:
        ValueError: If the ranking violates the required schema or invariants.
    """
    frame = validate_ranking(read_ranking(path), targets)
    if not all(
        eligibility.is_eligible(uid, item)
        for uid, item in frame[["uid", "item_id"]].itertuples(index=False, name=None)
    ):
        raise RankingValidationError(
            "submission contains an item rejected by eligibility service"
        )
    return ranked_items(frame)


def score(
    ranked: dict[int, list[int]],
    graded: dict[int, dict[int, int]],
) -> dict[str, float | int]:
    """Aggregate per-user NDCG@10 over users with public relevance labels.

    Args:
        ranked: Ranked item IDs for every target user.
        graded: Eligible validation relevance keyed by user and item.

    Returns:
        The six-decimal ``quality_ndcg@10`` value and number of scored users.
    """
    return score_rankings(ranked, graded)


def main() -> None:
    """Run the public evaluator CLI and print its JSON score report."""
    targets_frame = pd.read_parquet(DATA / "target_users.parquet")
    targets = set(targets_frame.uid.astype(int))
    eligibility = CandidateSet(DATA / "validation_eligible_candidates.npz")
    graded = validation_truth(eligibility, targets)

    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
        raise SystemExit(
            "usage: evaluate_public.py <validation-ranking.parquet|csv>"
        )
08

read_file two_tower_model.py

+00:33
Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Refining Data Location

I'm currently re-evaluating the data directory path within evaluate_public.py. My thought process indicates a potential issue where, depending on the execution context, the DATA variable might resolve to an incorrect location, failing to access the expected data files.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/two_tower_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 150,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/two_tower_model.py",
  "start_line": 1
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1-150 of 434 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 151.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
"""Shared public-data primitives for the Yambda two-tower baseline."""
from __future__ import annotations

import sys
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Iterator

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pyarrow.parquet as pq
import torch
from torch import nn


DAY = 86_400
TRAIN_END = 24_786_800
VALIDATION_END = 25_393_400
LISTEN_POSITIVE_THRESHOLD = 50
PROFILE_LOOKBACK_DAYS = 120
LIKE_ITEMS = 48
DISLIKE_ITEMS = 24
TOP_N = 100


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TowerConfig:
    sequence_length: int = 100
    embedding_dim: int = 192
    hidden_dim: int = 192
    user_hidden_1: int = 512
    user_hidden_2: int = 256
    item_hidden_1: int = 512
    item_hidden_2: int = 256
    dropout: float = 0.05
    epochs: int = 1
    learning_rate: float = 1.0e-3
    weight_decay: float = 1.0e-5
    gradient_clip: float = 2.0
    uniform_negatives: int = 24
    inbatch_negatives: int = 8
    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5
    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25
    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0
    seed: int = 29


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ListenEvents:
    timestamps: np.ndarray
    items: np.ndarray
    organic: np.ndarray
    completion_pct: np.ndarray


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ExplicitEvents:
    timestamps: np.ndarray
    items: np.ndarray
    channel: np.ndarray
    active: np.ndarray
    organic_like: np.ndarray


def log(message: str) -> None:
    print(message, file=sys.stderr, flush=True)


def build_item_features(catalog: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
    """Return four standardized features built only from the public catalog."""
    positives = catalog.positive_listens.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64, copy=False)
    organic = catalog.organic_positive_listens.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64, copy=False)
    popularity_rank = catalog.popularity_rank.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64, copy=False)
    features = np.column_stack(
        [
            np.log1p(positives),
            np.log1p(organic),
            organic / np.maximum(positives, 1.0),
            1.0 - (popularity_rank - 1.0) / max(len(catalog) - 1, 1),
        ]
    )
    means = features.mean(axis=0, keepdims=True)
    scales = np.maximum(features.std(axis=0, keepdims=True), 1.0e-6)
    standardized = ((features - means) / scales).astype(np.float32)
    if not np.isfinite(standardized).all():
        raise RuntimeError("catalog features contain non-finite values")
    return standardized


def _combine_listen_chunks(parts: list[ListenEvents]) -> ListenEvents:
    if len(parts) == 1:
        return parts[0]
    timestamps = np.concatenate([part.timestamps for part in parts])
    items = np.concatenate([part.items for part in parts])
    organic = np.concatenate([part.organic for part in parts])
    completion = np.concatenate([part.completion_pct for part in parts])
    order = np.argsort(timestamps, kind="stable")
    return ListenEvents(
        timestamps=timestamps[order],
        items=items[order],
        organic=organic[order],
        completion_pct=completion[order],
    )


def iter_listen_users(
    path: Path, item_index: pd.Index
) -> Iterator[tuple[int, ListenEvents]]:
    """Stream one uid-sorted public listen file one user at a time."""
    parquet = pq.ParquetFile(path)
    pending_uid: int | None = None
    pending: list[ListenEvents] = []
    previous_uid = -1
    for batch in parquet.iter_batches(
        batch_size=750_000,
        columns=["uid", "timestamp", "item_id", "is_organic", "played_ratio_pct"],
    ):
        frame = batch.to_pandas()
        mapped = item_index.get_indexer(frame.item_id.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64))
        keep = mapped >= 0
        if not np.any(keep):
            continue
        uids = frame.uid.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64, copy=False)[keep]
        timestamps = frame.timestamp.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64, copy=False)[keep]
        items = mapped[keep].astype(np.int32, copy=False)
        organic = frame.is_organic.to_numpy(dtype=np.uint8, copy=False)[keep]
        completion = frame.played_ratio_pct.to_numpy(dtype=np.uint16, copy=False)[keep]
        if np.any(uids[1:] < uids[:-1]):
            raise RuntimeError(f"{path.name} is not sorted by uid")
        boundaries = np.r_[
            0,
            np.flatnonzero(uids[1:] != uids[:-1]) + 1,
            len(uids),
        ]
        for start, end in zip(boundaries[:-1], boundaries[1:]):
            uid = int(uids[start])
            part = ListenEvents(
                timestamps[start:end].copy(),
                items[start:end].copy(),
                organic[start:end].copy(),
                completion[start:end].copy(),
            )
            if pending_uid is None:
                pending_uid = uid
            elif uid != pending_uid:
                if pending_uid < previous_uid:
                    raise RuntimeError(f"{path.name} user order regressed")
                yield pending_uid, _combine_listen_chunks(pending)
                previous_uid = pending_uid
                pending_uid = uid
09

read_file two_tower_model.py

+00:35
Tool callread_file/app/solution/two_tower_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 151,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/two_tower_model.py",
  "end_line": 300
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 151-300 of 434 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 301.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
                pending = []
            pending.append(part)
    if pending_uid is not None:
        yield pending_uid, _combine_listen_chunks(pending)


def merge_listen_streams(
    paths: list[Path], item_index: pd.Index
) -> Iterator[tuple[int, ListenEvents]]:
    """Merge uid-sorted public listen files without materializing them."""
    streams = [iter(iter_listen_users(path, item_index)) for path in paths]
    heads: list[tuple[int, ListenEvents] | None] = [
        next(stream, None) for stream in streams
    ]
    while any(head is not None for head in heads):
        uid = min(head[0] for head in heads if head is not None)
        parts: list[ListenEvents] = []
        for position, head in enumerate(heads):
            if head is not None and head[0] == uid:
                parts.append(head[1])
                heads[position] = next(streams[position], None)
        yield uid, _combine_listen_chunks(parts)


def load_explicit_events(
    data: Path,
    prefixes: tuple[str, ...],
    item_index: pd.Index,
) -> dict[int, ExplicitEvents]:
    """Load public explicit actions as chronological state changes."""
    specifications = (
        ("likes", 0, 1, 0),
        ("unlikes", 0, 0, 1),
        ("dislikes", 1, 1, 0),
        ("undislikes", 1, 0, 1),
    )
    parts: list[pd.DataFrame] = []
    for family, channel, active, tie_priority in specifications:
        for prefix in prefixes:
            frame = pd.read_parquet(
                data / f"{prefix}_{family}.parquet",
                columns=["uid", "timestamp", "item_id", "is_organic"],
            )
            mapped = item_index.get_indexer(
                frame.item_id.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64, copy=False)
            )
            keep = mapped >= 0
            if not np.any(keep):
                continue
            retained = frame.loc[keep, ["uid", "timestamp", "is_organic"]].copy()
            retained["item"] = mapped[keep].astype(np.int32, copy=False)
            retained["channel"] = np.int8(channel)
            retained["active"] = np.int8(active)
            retained["tie_priority"] = np.int8(tie_priority)
            retained["organic_like"] = np.int8(
                family == "likes"
            ) * retained.is_organic.astype(np.int8)
            parts.append(retained.drop(columns="is_organic"))
    if not parts:
        return {}
    events = pd.concat(parts, ignore_index=True)
    events = events.sort_values(
        ["uid", "timestamp", "tie_priority"], kind="mergesort"
    ).reset_index(drop=True)
    result: dict[int, ExplicitEvents] = {}
    for uid, rows in events.groupby("uid", sort=False):
        result[int(uid)] = ExplicitEvents(
            timestamps=rows.timestamp.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64, copy=True),
            items=rows.item.to_numpy(dtype=np.int32, copy=True),
            channel=rows.channel.to_numpy(dtype=np.int8, copy=True),
            active=rows.active.to_numpy(dtype=np.int8, copy=True),
            organic_like=rows.organic_like.to_numpy(dtype=np.int8, copy=True),
        )
    log(f"loaded explicit events: rows={len(events):,} users={len(result):,}")
    return result


def empty_explicit_events() -> ExplicitEvents:
    return ExplicitEvents(
        timestamps=np.empty(0, dtype=np.int64),
        items=np.empty(0, dtype=np.int32),
        channel=np.empty(0, dtype=np.int8),
        active=np.empty(0, dtype=np.int8),
        organic_like=np.empty(0, dtype=np.int8),
    )


def pack_active_items(
    active: dict[int, int], width: int, padding_item: int
) -> np.ndarray:
    packed = np.full(width, padding_item, dtype=np.uint16)
    if not active:
        return packed
    ordered = sorted(active.items(), key=lambda pair: (-pair[1], pair[0]))[:width]
    packed[: len(ordered)] = np.fromiter(
        (item for item, _ in ordered), dtype=np.uint16, count=len(ordered)
    )
    return packed


def load_inference_state(
    path: Path,
    item_index: pd.Index,
    uids: np.ndarray,
    n_items: int,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
    """Pack the task-provided active explicit state."""
    state = pd.read_parquet(path, columns=["uid", "item_id", "state"])
    mapped = item_index.get_indexer(state.item_id.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64))
    keep = mapped >= 0
    state = state.loc[keep, ["uid", "state"]].copy()
    state["item"] = mapped[keep].astype(np.int32, copy=False)
    user_rows = pd.Index(uids)
    liked = np.full((len(uids), LIKE_ITEMS), n_items, dtype=np.uint16)
    disliked = np.full((len(uids), DISLIKE_ITEMS), n_items, dtype=np.uint16)
    like_counts = np.zeros(len(uids), dtype=np.int32)
    dislike_counts = np.zeros(len(uids), dtype=np.int32)
    for value, width, destination, counts in (
        ("liked", LIKE_ITEMS, liked, like_counts),
        ("disliked", DISLIKE_ITEMS, disliked, dislike_counts),
    ):
        selected = state[state.state == value]
        for uid, rows in selected.groupby("uid", sort=False):
            row = int(user_rows.get_indexer([int(uid)])[0])
            if row < 0:
                continue
            items = np.sort(rows.item.unique())
            counts[row] = len(items)
            retained = items[:width]
            destination[row, : len(retained)] = retained.astype(np.uint16)
    return liked, disliked, like_counts, dislike_counts


class SequentialTwoTower(nn.Module):
    """Order-sensitive user tower and independent catalog-aware item tower."""

    def __init__(self, item_features: np.ndarray, config: TowerConfig) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        n_items, n_item_features = item_features.shape
        dim = config.embedding_dim
        self.n_items = n_items
        self.context_embedding = nn.Embedding(
            n_items + 1, dim, padding_idx=n_items
        )
        self.event_projection = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(dim + 3, config.hidden_dim),
            nn.GELU(),
        )
        self.sequence_encoder = nn.GRU(
            input_size=config.hidden_dim,
10

read_file two_tower_model.py

+00:36
Tool callread_file/app/solution/two_tower_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/two_tower_model.py",
  "end_line": 434,
  "start_line": 301
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 301-434 of 434 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 435.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
            hidden_size=dim,
            num_layers=1,
            batch_first=True,
        )
        self.user_tower = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(dim * 3 + 6, config.user_hidden_1),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Dropout(config.dropout),
            nn.Linear(config.user_hidden_1, config.user_hidden_2),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Dropout(config.dropout),
            nn.Linear(config.user_hidden_2, dim),
        )
        self.candidate_embedding = nn.Embedding(n_items, dim)
        self.register_buffer(
            "item_features", torch.from_numpy(item_features), persistent=True
        )
        self.item_tower = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(dim + n_item_features, config.item_hidden_1),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Dropout(config.dropout),
            nn.Linear(config.item_hidden_1, config.item_hidden_2),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Dropout(config.dropout),
            nn.Linear(config.item_hidden_2, dim),
        )
        nn.init.normal_(self.context_embedding.weight, std=0.02)
        nn.init.normal_(self.candidate_embedding.weight, std=0.02)
        with torch.no_grad():
            self.context_embedding.weight[n_items].zero_()

    def _mean_context_channel(self, items: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        mask = items.ne(self.n_items)
        vectors = self.context_embedding(items)
        return (vectors * mask.unsqueeze(-1)).sum(dim=1) / mask.sum(
            dim=1, keepdim=True
        ).clamp_min(1)

    def encode_items(self, items: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        inputs = torch.cat(
            [self.candidate_embedding(items), self.item_features[items]], dim=1
        )
        return self.item_tower(inputs)


def invalid_negative_mask(
    negatives: torch.Tensor,
    targets: torch.Tensor,
    context_items: torch.Tensor,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Identify targets, known positives, active likes, and row duplicates."""
    invalid = negatives.eq(targets[:, None])
    invalid |= negatives[:, :, None].eq(context_items[:, None, :]).any(dim=2)
    invalid |= negatives[:, :, None].eq(liked_items[:, None, :]).any(dim=2)
    for column in range(1, negatives.shape[1]):
        invalid[:, column] |= negatives[:, column, None].eq(
            negatives[:, :column]
        ).any(dim=1)
    return invalid


def draw_filtered_mixed_negatives(
    targets: torch.Tensor,
    context_items: torch.Tensor,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
    n_items: int,
    uniform_count: int,
    inbatch_count: int,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Draw uniform and unique-target in-batch negatives."""
    batch_size = len(targets)
    uniform = torch.randint(
        n_items,
        (batch_size, uniform_count),
        generator=generator,
        device="cpu",
    )
    inbatch = torch.empty((batch_size, 0), dtype=torch.long, device="cpu")
    corrected_count = 0
    if inbatch_count:
        unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())
        corrected_count = min(inbatch_count, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0))
        if corrected_count:
            priorities = torch.rand(
                (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator
            )
            priorities.masked_fill_(
                unique_targets[None, :].eq(targets.detach().cpu()[:, None]),
                -1.0,
            )
            columns = torch.topk(priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1).indices
            inbatch = unique_targets[columns]
        if corrected_count < inbatch_count:
            filler = torch.randint(
                n_items,
                (batch_size, inbatch_count - corrected_count),
                generator=generator,
                device="cpu",
            )
            inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)

    negatives_cpu = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1)
    correction_cpu = torch.ones_like(negatives_cpu, dtype=torch.float32)
    if corrected_count:
        correction_cpu[
            :, uniform_count : uniform_count + corrected_count
        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]]
    negatives = negatives_cpu.to(device)
    correction = correction_cpu.to(device)
    for _ in range(32):
        invalid = invalid_negative_mask(
            negatives, targets, context_items, liked_items
        )
        if not bool(invalid.any()):
            return negatives, correction
        replacements = torch.randint(
            n_items,
            (int(invalid.sum().detach().cpu()),),
            generator=generator,
            device="cpu",
        ).to(device)
        negatives[invalid] = replacements
        correction[invalid] = 1.0
    invalid = invalid_negative_mask(
        negatives, targets, context_items, liked_items
    )
    if bool(invalid.any()):
        raise RuntimeError("mixed negative resampling failed false-negative filter")
    return negatives, correction
11

read_file train_current_model.py

+00:39
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 150,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 1
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1-150 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 151.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Train the Yambda windowed two-tower baseline.

Every catalog listen with at least 50 percent completion is a sequence token.
Within each selected chronological window, every adjacent target contributes a
loss.  The fast default retains each user's most recent 128 training targets and
16 held-out validation targets; passing zero for either cap restores the
uncapped behavior for that side of the split.  A 100-step truncated-BPTT block
computes all of its timestep losses and carries the detached GRU hidden state
into the next block.

The model is a pure two-tower retriever: no user-ID embedding, no output
normalization, raw dot-product retrieval, sample-weighted binary cross entropy,
and 24 uniform plus eight propensity-corrected unique in-batch negatives. Every
selected adjacent target retains a nonzero weight. Only files under the supplied
public directory are read.
"""
from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import json
import random
import sys
import time
from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F

import two_tower_model as base


CACHE_VERSION = 2


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Config:
    bptt_steps: int = 100
    user_batch_size: int = 64
    embedding_dim: int = 192
    hidden_dim: int = 192
    user_hidden_1: int = 512
    user_hidden_2: int = 256
    item_hidden_1: int = 512
    item_hidden_2: int = 256
    dropout: float = 0.05
    epochs: int = 1
    learning_rate: float = 1.0e-3
    weight_decay: float = 1.0e-5
    gradient_clip: float = 2.0
    loss_microbatch_size: int = 65_536
    uniform_negatives: int = 24
    inbatch_negatives: int = 8
    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5
    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25
    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0
    negative_filter_scope: str = "full-training-history"
    target_weighting: str = "organic-strong"
    ordinary_target_weight: float = 0.25
    organic_strong_target_weight: float = 1.0
    organic_like_target_weight: float = 3.0
    discovery_horizon_days: int = 7
    validation_fraction: float = 0.10
    max_train_targets_per_user: int = 128
    max_validation_targets_per_user: int = 16
    early_stopping_patience: int = 1
    early_stopping_min_delta: float = 1.0e-4
    seed: int = 29


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class CandidateSet:
    uids: np.ndarray
    item_ids: np.ndarray
    packed: np.ndarray

    @classmethod
    def read(cls, path: Path) -> "CandidateSet":
        with np.load(path, allow_pickle=False) as artifact:
            result = cls(
                uids=artifact["uids"].astype(np.int64, copy=True),
                item_ids=artifact["item_ids"].astype(np.int64, copy=True),
                packed=artifact["packed_eligible"].astype(np.uint8, copy=True),
            )
        expected = (len(result.uids), (len(result.item_ids) + 7) // 8)
        if result.packed.shape != expected:
            raise ValueError(
                f"invalid candidate artifact shape {result.packed.shape}; "
                f"expected {expected}"
            )
        return result


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class SequenceData:
    item_ids: np.ndarray
    item_features: np.ndarray
    user_ids: np.ndarray
    offsets: np.ndarray
    sequence_timestamps: np.ndarray
    sequence_items: np.ndarray
    event_features: np.ndarray
    activity_features: np.ndarray
    state_ids: np.ndarray
    liked_states: np.ndarray
    disliked_states: np.ndarray
    state_counts: np.ndarray
    inference_user_rows: np.ndarray
    inference_liked_items: np.ndarray
    inference_disliked_items: np.ndarray
    inference_user_features: np.ndarray

    @property
    def lengths(self) -> np.ndarray:
        return np.diff(self.offsets)

    @property
    def target_count(self) -> int:
        return int(np.maximum(self.lengths - 1, 0).sum())


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TargetPartition:
    """A contiguous recent target window and its chronological BCE split."""

    window_starts: np.ndarray
    training_counts: np.ndarray
    validation_counts: np.ndarray
    history_training_counts: np.ndarray

    @property
    def selected_count(self) -> int:
        return int(self.training_counts.sum() + self.validation_counts.sum())


def log(message: str) -> None:
    print(message, file=sys.stderr, flush=True)


def seed_everything(seed: int) -> None:
    random.seed(seed)
    np.random.seed(seed)
    torch.manual_seed(seed)


def model_config(config: Config) -> base.TowerConfig:
12

read_file train_current_model.py

+00:41
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 350,
  "start_line": 151
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 151-350 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 351.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    """Map the dense trainer configuration onto the unchanged tower."""
    return base.TowerConfig(
        sequence_length=config.bptt_steps,
        embedding_dim=config.embedding_dim,
        hidden_dim=config.hidden_dim,
        user_hidden_1=config.user_hidden_1,
        user_hidden_2=config.user_hidden_2,
        item_hidden_1=config.item_hidden_1,
        item_hidden_2=config.item_hidden_2,
        dropout=config.dropout,
        epochs=config.epochs,
        learning_rate=config.learning_rate,
        weight_decay=config.weight_decay,
        gradient_clip=config.gradient_clip,
        uniform_negatives=config.uniform_negatives,
        inbatch_negatives=config.inbatch_negatives,
        inbatch_correction_power=config.inbatch_correction_power,
        inbatch_correction_min=config.inbatch_correction_min,
        inbatch_correction_max=config.inbatch_correction_max,
        seed=config.seed,
    )


def append_state_snapshot(
    active_likes: dict[int, int],
    active_dislikes: dict[int, int],
    n_items: int,
    liked_states: list[np.ndarray],
    disliked_states: list[np.ndarray],
    state_counts: list[tuple[int, int]],
) -> int:
    liked_states.append(base.pack_active_items(active_likes, base.LIKE_ITEMS, n_items))
    disliked_states.append(
        base.pack_active_items(active_dislikes, base.DISLIKE_ITEMS, n_items)
    )
    state_counts.append((len(active_likes), len(active_dislikes)))
    return len(liked_states) - 1


def causal_activity_features(
    timestamps: np.ndarray,
    items: np.ndarray,
    organic: np.ndarray,
    completion: np.ndarray,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Compute the first four reviewed user features at every event cutoff."""
    length = len(items)
    result = np.zeros((length, 4), dtype=np.float16)
    if not length:
        return result
    left_rows = np.searchsorted(
        timestamps,
        timestamps - base.PROFILE_LOOKBACK_DAYS * base.DAY,
        side="left",
    )
    rows = np.arange(length, dtype=np.int64)
    counts = rows - left_rows + 1
    organic_sum = np.cumsum(organic.astype(np.float64))
    completion_sum = np.cumsum(np.minimum(completion, 100).astype(np.float64))
    before_organic = np.where(
        left_rows > 0, organic_sum[np.maximum(left_rows - 1, 0)], 0.0
    )
    before_completion = np.where(
        left_rows > 0, completion_sum[np.maximum(left_rows - 1, 0)], 0.0
    )

    unique_counts = np.empty(length, dtype=np.int32)
    frequencies: dict[int, int] = {}
    left = 0
    for right, raw_item in enumerate(items):
        item = int(raw_item)
        frequencies[item] = frequencies.get(item, 0) + 1
        required_left = int(left_rows[right])
        while left < required_left:
            old_item = int(items[left])
            remaining = frequencies[old_item] - 1
            if remaining:
                frequencies[old_item] = remaining
            else:
                del frequencies[old_item]
            left += 1
        unique_counts[right] = len(frequencies)

    result[:, 0] = (np.log1p(counts) / 8.0).astype(np.float16)
    result[:, 1] = (np.log1p(unique_counts) / 6.0).astype(np.float16)
    result[:, 2] = (
        (organic_sum - before_organic) / np.maximum(counts, 1)
    ).astype(np.float16)
    result[:, 3] = (
        (completion_sum - before_completion)
        / np.maximum(counts, 1)
        / 100.0
    ).astype(np.float16)
    return result


def build_sequence_parts(
    listens: base.ListenEvents,
    explicit: base.ExplicitEvents,
    n_items: int,
    liked_states: list[np.ndarray],
    disliked_states: list[np.ndarray],
    state_counts: list[tuple[int, int]],
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray] | None:
    qualifying = listens.completion_pct >= base.LISTEN_POSITIVE_THRESHOLD
    timestamps = listens.timestamps[qualifying].astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    items = listens.items[qualifying].astype(np.uint16, copy=False)
    organic = listens.organic[qualifying].astype(np.float32, copy=False)
    completion = listens.completion_pct[qualifying].astype(np.float32, copy=False)
    if not len(items):
        return None

    event_features = np.zeros((len(items), 3), dtype=np.float16)
    event_features[:, 0] = organic.astype(np.float16)
    event_features[:, 1] = (
        np.minimum(completion, 100.0) / 100.0
    ).astype(np.float16)
    if len(items) > 1:
        gaps = np.maximum(0, timestamps[1:] - timestamps[:-1])
        event_features[1:, 2] = np.exp(
            -gaps.astype(np.float64) / (60.0 * base.DAY)
        ).astype(np.float16)

    activity = causal_activity_features(
        timestamps, items, organic, completion
    )
    states = np.zeros(len(items), dtype=np.uint32)
    active_likes: dict[int, int] = {}
    active_dislikes: dict[int, int] = {}
    explicit_position = 0
    current_state = 0
    for row, timestamp in enumerate(timestamps):
        changed = False
        while (
            explicit_position < len(explicit.timestamps)
            and int(explicit.timestamps[explicit_position]) < int(timestamp)
        ):
            item = int(explicit.items[explicit_position])
            event_timestamp = int(explicit.timestamps[explicit_position])
            destination = (
                active_likes
                if int(explicit.channel[explicit_position]) == 0
                else active_dislikes
            )
            if int(explicit.active[explicit_position]) == 1:
                destination[item] = event_timestamp
            else:
                destination.pop(item, None)
            explicit_position += 1
            changed = True
        if changed:
            current_state = append_state_snapshot(
                active_likes,
                active_dislikes,
                n_items,
                liked_states,
                disliked_states,
                state_counts,
            )
        states[row] = np.uint32(current_state)
    return timestamps, items.copy(), event_features, activity, states


def final_user_features(
    timestamps: np.ndarray,
    items: np.ndarray,
    event_features: np.ndarray,
    history_end: int,
    like_count: int,
    dislike_count: int,
) -> np.ndarray:
    start = int(
        np.searchsorted(
            timestamps,
            history_end - base.PROFILE_LOOKBACK_DAYS * base.DAY,
            side="left",
        )
    )
    result = np.zeros(6, dtype=np.float32)
    recent_items = items[start:]
    if len(recent_items):
        result[0] = np.log1p(len(recent_items)) / 8.0
        result[1] = np.log1p(len(np.unique(recent_items))) / 6.0
        result[2] = float(np.mean(event_features[start:, 0]))
        result[3] = float(np.mean(event_features[start:, 1]))
    result[4] = np.log1p(like_count) / 6.0
    result[5] = np.log1p(dislike_count) / 4.0
    return result


def prepare_data(
    public: Path, stage: str, config: Config
) -> tuple[SequenceData, CandidateSet]:
    data = public / "data"
    catalog = pd.read_parquet(data / "candidate_catalog.parquet").sort_values(
        "popularity_rank"
    )
    item_ids = catalog.item_id.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64, copy=True)
    item_index = pd.Index(item_ids)
    n_items = len(item_ids)
13

grep_search train_current_model.py

+00:43
Tool callgrep_search/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "pattern": "^def ",
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response

Found 59 matches for pattern "^def " in the workspace directory:
---
File: solution/train_current_model.py
L140: def log(message: str) -> None:
L144: def seed_everything(seed: int) -> None:
L150: def model_config(config: Config) -> base.TowerConfig:
L174: def append_state_snapshot(
L190: def causal_activity_features(
L247: def build_sequence_parts(
L314: def final_user_features(
L341: def prepare_data(
L471: def cache_metadata(stage: str, config: Config) -> dict[str, object]:
L481: def save_cache(
L493: def load_cache(path: Path, stage: str, config: Config) -> SequenceData:
L511: def load_or_prepare(
L534: def build_item_correction(
L578: def build_known_positive_filter(
L609: def invalid_full_history_negatives(
L630: def draw_full_history_filtered_negatives(
L724: def draw_training_negatives(
L763: def event_sequence(
L774: def pool_explicit_states(
L798: def user_queries(
L813: def candidate_vectors(
L828: def history_windows(
L845: def corrected_negative_loss(
L867: def retained_target_window_starts(
L888: def chronological_target_partition(
L914: def load_organic_like_outcomes(
L955: def build_target_weights(
L1035: def build_dense_block(
L1111: def score_target_microbatches(
L1198: def release_accelerator_cache(device: torch.device) -> None:
L1203: def run_training_epoch(
L1364: def evaluate_validation_bce(
L1488: def snapshot_model(model: nn.Module) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
L1495: def save_epoch_checkpoint(
L1521: def train_model(
L1782: def inference_queries(
L1861: def rank_candidates(
L1912: def write_ranking(frame: pd.DataFrame, output: Path) -> None:
L1922: def main() -> int:
---
File: solution/two_tower_model.py
L65: def log(message: str) -> None:
L69: def build_item_features(catalog: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
L90: def _combine_listen_chunks(parts: list[ListenEvents]) -> ListenEvents:
L106: def iter_listen_users(
L157: def merge_listen_streams(
L175: def load_explicit_events(
L228: def empty_explicit_events() -> ExplicitEvents:
L238: def pack_active_items(
L251: def load_inference_state(
L346: def invalid_negative_mask(
L363: def draw_filtered_mixed_negatives(
---
File: solution/evaluate_public.py
L51: def validation_truth(
L92: def load_submission(
L124: def score(
L140: def main() -> None:
---
File: solution/ranking_evaluation.py
L88: def read_ranking(path: Path) -> pd.DataFrame:
L101: def validate_ranking(
L167: def ranked_items(frame: pd.DataFrame) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
L183: def ndcg_at_k(ranked: list[int], gold: dict[int, int], k: int) -> float:
L207: def score_rankings(
---
14

read_file train_current_model.py

+00:46
Recorded reasoning summary 33 words

Exploring Model Training Logic

I'm currently examining several key functions within train_current_model.py, specifically focusing on how item corrections, known positive filters, and various negative sampling strategies are constructed and implemented for model training.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 760,
  "start_line": 530,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 530-760 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 761.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        save_cache(cache, prepared, stage, config)
    return prepared, built_eligibility


def build_item_correction(
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    target_starts: np.ndarray,
    target_counts: np.ndarray,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Estimate in-batch propensities from the selected training targets."""
    counts = np.zeros(len(prepared.item_ids), dtype=np.float64)
    for user_row, count in enumerate(target_counts):
        if not count:
            continue
        offset = int(prepared.offsets[user_row])
        target_start = int(target_starts[user_row])
        counts += np.bincount(
            prepared.sequence_items[
                offset
                + target_start
                + 1 : offset
                + target_start
                + int(count)
                + 1
            ].astype(np.int64),
            minlength=len(prepared.item_ids),
        )
    total = float(counts.sum())
    probabilities = (counts + 1.0) / (total + len(counts))
    raw = np.power(
        (1.0 / len(counts)) / probabilities,
        config.inbatch_correction_power,
    )
    normalization = float(np.sum(counts * raw) / max(total, 1.0))
    correction = np.clip(
        raw / max(normalization, 1.0e-12),
        config.inbatch_correction_min,
        config.inbatch_correction_max,
    ).astype(np.float32)
    mean_on_targets = float(np.sum(counts * correction) / max(total, 1.0))
    log(
        f"inbatch correction: min={correction.min():.3f} "
        f"mean_on_targets={mean_on_targets:.3f} max={correction.max():.3f}"
    )
    return torch.from_numpy(correction)


def build_known_positive_filter(
    prepared: SequenceData, training_counts: np.ndarray
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Pack each user's complete public-training positive-item set."""
    width = (len(prepared.item_ids) + 7) // 8
    packed = np.zeros((len(prepared.user_ids), width), dtype=np.uint8)
    retained = 0
    for user_row, target_count in enumerate(training_counts):
        if not target_count:
            continue
        offset = int(prepared.offsets[user_row])
        # T adjacent targets consume sequence positions 0 through T.  The
        # chronological BCE suffix starts at T + 1 and is intentionally absent.
        items = np.unique(
            prepared.sequence_items[
                offset : offset + int(target_count) + 1
            ].astype(np.int64)
        )
        byte_columns = items >> 3
        bit_values = np.left_shift(
            np.uint8(1), (items & 7).astype(np.uint8)
        )
        np.bitwise_or.at(packed[user_row], byte_columns, bit_values)
        retained += len(items)
    log(
        f"full-history false-negative filter: users={len(prepared.user_ids):,} "
        f"unique_user_items={retained:,} bytes={packed.nbytes:,}"
    )
    return packed


def invalid_full_history_negatives(
    negatives: np.ndarray,
    targets: np.ndarray,
    user_rows: np.ndarray,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray,
    liked_items: np.ndarray,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Return row-level invalid negatives using the complete training prefix."""
    byte_columns = negatives >> 3
    bit_columns = negatives & 7
    known = known_positive_packed[user_rows[:, None], byte_columns]
    invalid = ((known >> bit_columns) & 1).astype(bool)
    invalid |= negatives == targets[:, None]
    invalid |= (negatives[:, :, None] == liked_items[:, None, :]).any(axis=2)
    for column in range(1, negatives.shape[1]):
        invalid[:, column] |= (
            negatives[:, column, None] == negatives[:, :column]
        ).any(axis=1)
    return invalid


def draw_full_history_filtered_negatives(
    targets: torch.Tensor,
    user_rows: np.ndarray,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray,
    n_items: int,
    config: Config,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Draw mixed negatives and reject all known public-training positives."""
    targets_cpu = targets.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    liked_cpu = liked_items.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    batch_size = len(targets_cpu)
    uniform = torch.randint(
        n_items,
        (batch_size, config.uniform_negatives),
        generator=generator,
        device="cpu",
    )
    inbatch = torch.empty((batch_size, 0), dtype=torch.long)
    corrected_count = 0
    if config.inbatch_negatives:
        unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())
        corrected_count = min(
            config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)
        )
        if corrected_count:
            priorities = torch.rand(
                (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator
            )
            priorities.masked_fill_(
                unique_targets[None, :].eq(
                    torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]
                ),
                -1.0,
            )
            columns = torch.topk(
                priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1
            ).indices
            inbatch = unique_targets[columns]
        if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:
            filler = torch.randint(
                n_items,
                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),
                generator=generator,
                device="cpu",
            )
            inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)

    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()
    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)
    if corrected_count:
        correction[
            :, config.uniform_negatives : config.uniform_negatives + corrected_count
        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]].numpy()
    for _ in range(32):
        invalid = invalid_full_history_negatives(
            negatives,
            targets_cpu,
            user_rows,
            known_positive_packed,
            liked_cpu,
        )
        if not np.any(invalid):
            return (
                torch.from_numpy(negatives).to(device),
                torch.from_numpy(correction).to(device),
            )
        replacements = torch.randint(
            n_items,
            (int(invalid.sum()),),
            generator=generator,
            device="cpu",
        ).numpy()
        negatives[invalid] = replacements
        # Rejected in-batch items become ordinary uniform draws.
        correction[invalid] = 1.0
    invalid = invalid_full_history_negatives(
        negatives,
        targets_cpu,
        user_rows,
        known_positive_packed,
        liked_cpu,
    )
    if np.any(invalid):
        raise RuntimeError("full-history negative resampling failed")
    return (
        torch.from_numpy(negatives).to(device),
        torch.from_numpy(correction).to(device),
    )


def draw_training_negatives(
    positive_items: torch.Tensor,
    known_history: torch.Tensor,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
    user_rows: np.ndarray,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray | None,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    if config.negative_filter_scope == "full-training-history":
        if known_positive_packed is None:
            raise RuntimeError("full-history negative filter was not built")
        return draw_full_history_filtered_negatives(
            positive_items,
            user_rows,
            liked_items,
            known_positive_packed,
            len(prepared.item_ids),
            config,
            item_correction,
            generator,
            device,
        )
    return base.draw_filtered_mixed_negatives(
        positive_items,
        known_history,
        liked_items,
        len(prepared.item_ids),
        config.uniform_negatives,
        config.inbatch_negatives,
        item_correction,
        generator,
        device,
    )
15

read_file train_current_model.py

+00:53
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 761,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 980
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 761-980 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 981.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---


def event_sequence(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    items: torch.Tensor,
    features: torch.Tensor,
    hidden: torch.Tensor,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    inputs = torch.cat([model.context_embedding(items), features], dim=-1)
    projected = model.event_projection(inputs)
    return model.sequence_encoder(projected, hidden)


def pool_explicit_states(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    state_ids: np.ndarray,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    unique_states, inverse = np.unique(state_ids, return_inverse=True)
    liked_items = torch.from_numpy(
        prepared.liked_states[unique_states].astype(np.int64)
    ).to(device)
    disliked_items = torch.from_numpy(
        prepared.disliked_states[unique_states].astype(np.int64)
    ).to(device)
    liked_vectors = model._mean_context_channel(liked_items)
    disliked_vectors = model._mean_context_channel(disliked_items)
    inverse_rows = torch.from_numpy(inverse.astype(np.int64)).to(device)
    counts = prepared.state_counts[state_ids]
    return (
        liked_vectors[inverse_rows],
        disliked_vectors[inverse_rows],
        torch.from_numpy(counts.astype(np.float32)).to(device),
    )


def user_queries(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    sequence_vectors: torch.Tensor,
    liked_vectors: torch.Tensor,
    disliked_vectors: torch.Tensor,
    user_features: torch.Tensor,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    return model.user_tower(
        torch.cat(
            [sequence_vectors, liked_vectors, disliked_vectors, user_features],
            dim=1,
        )
    )


def candidate_vectors(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    positives: torch.Tensor,
    negatives: torch.Tensor,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    all_items = torch.cat([positives, negatives.reshape(-1)])
    unique_items, inverse = torch.unique(all_items, return_inverse=True)
    encoded = model.encode_items(unique_items)
    positive_vectors = encoded[inverse[: len(positives)]]
    negative_vectors = encoded[inverse[len(positives) :]].reshape(
        len(positives), negatives.shape[1], -1
    )
    return positive_vectors, negative_vectors


def history_windows(
    sequence: np.ndarray,
    start: int,
    count: int,
    width: int,
    padding_item: int,
) -> np.ndarray:
    base_start = max(0, start - width + 1)
    segment = sequence[base_start : start + count]
    padded = np.concatenate(
        [np.full(width - 1, padding_item, dtype=np.uint16), segment]
    )
    windows = np.lib.stride_tricks.sliding_window_view(padded, width)
    offset = start - base_start
    return windows[offset : offset + count].copy()


def corrected_negative_loss(
    logits: torch.Tensor,
    correction: torch.Tensor,
    config: Config,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    raw = F.softplus(logits)
    total = config.uniform_negatives + config.inbatch_negatives
    result = torch.zeros(len(logits), device=logits.device)
    if config.uniform_negatives:
        result += config.uniform_negatives * raw[
            :, : config.uniform_negatives
        ].mean(dim=1)
    if config.inbatch_negatives:
        selected = slice(config.uniform_negatives, total)
        weights = correction[:, selected]
        result += config.inbatch_negatives * (
            (raw[:, selected] * weights).sum(dim=1)
            / weights.sum(dim=1).clamp_min(1.0e-6)
        )
    return result / total


def retained_target_window_starts(
    total_targets: np.ndarray,
    validation_counts: np.ndarray,
    training_counts: np.ndarray,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Return the discarded prefix before the retained chronological suffix."""
    training_region_ends = total_targets - validation_counts
    window_starts = training_region_ends - training_counts
    if (
        np.any(window_starts < 0)
        or np.any(training_counts < 0)
        or np.any(validation_counts < 0)
    ):
        raise RuntimeError("chronological target partition produced negative counts")
    if not np.array_equal(
        window_starts + training_counts + validation_counts, total_targets
    ):
        raise RuntimeError("chronological target window is not a final contiguous suffix")
    return window_starts


def chronological_target_partition(
    prepared: SequenceData,
    validation_fraction: float,
    max_train_targets_per_user: int,
    max_validation_targets_per_user: int,
) -> TargetPartition:
    """Select a recent contiguous window with a final out-of-time BCE suffix."""
    totals = np.maximum(prepared.lengths - 1, 0).astype(np.int64)
    validation = np.floor(totals * validation_fraction).astype(np.int64)
    validation[(totals >= 2) & (validation == 0)] = 1
    if max_validation_targets_per_user:
        validation = np.minimum(validation, max_validation_targets_per_user)

    history_training = totals - validation
    training = history_training.copy()
    if max_train_targets_per_user:
        training = np.minimum(training, max_train_targets_per_user)
    window_starts = retained_target_window_starts(totals, validation, training)
    return TargetPartition(
        window_starts=window_starts,
        training_counts=training,
        validation_counts=validation,
        history_training_counts=history_training,
    )


def load_organic_like_outcomes(
    public: Path, stage: str, item_ids: np.ndarray
) -> dict[int, dict[int, np.ndarray]]:
    """Load mapped organic-like timestamps from public fitting history."""
    prefixes = ("train",) if stage == "validation" else ("train", "val")
    frames = [
        pd.read_parquet(
            public / "data" / f"{prefix}_likes.parquet",
            columns=["uid", "timestamp", "item_id", "is_organic"],
        )
        for prefix in prefixes
    ]
    likes = pd.concat(frames, ignore_index=True)
    likes = likes[likes.is_organic == 1].copy()
    mapped = pd.Index(item_ids).get_indexer(
        likes.item_id.to_numpy(dtype=np.int64)
    )
    likes = likes.loc[mapped >= 0, ["uid", "timestamp"]].copy()
    likes["item"] = mapped[mapped >= 0].astype(np.int32, copy=False)
    likes = likes.sort_values(["uid", "item", "timestamp"], kind="stable")
    nested: dict[int, dict[int, list[int]]] = {}
    for raw_uid, raw_timestamp, raw_item in likes.itertuples(
        index=False, name=None
    ):
        nested.setdefault(int(raw_uid), {}).setdefault(int(raw_item), []).append(
            int(raw_timestamp)
        )
    result = {
        uid: {
            item: np.asarray(timestamps, dtype=np.int64)
            for item, timestamps in items.items()
        }
        for uid, items in nested.items()
    }
    log(
        f"loaded organic-like outcomes: rows={len(likes):,} "
        f"users={len(result):,}"
    )
    return result


def build_target_weights(
    public: Path,
    stage: str,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    training_counts: np.ndarray,
    config: Config,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Build nonzero per-token weights without dropping adjacent targets."""
    if config.target_weighting == "uniform":
        weights = np.ones(len(prepared.sequence_items), dtype=np.float32)
    else:
        weights = np.full(
            len(prepared.sequence_items),
            config.ordinary_target_weight,
            dtype=np.float32,
        )
        organic_strong = (
            (prepared.event_features[:, 0] > 0.5)
            & (prepared.event_features[:, 1] >= 0.8)
        )
        weights[organic_strong] = config.organic_strong_target_weight
        if config.target_weighting == "discovery-graded":
            like_outcomes = load_organic_like_outcomes(
                public, stage, prepared.item_ids
            )
            history_end = (
16

read_file train_current_model.py

+00:55
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 1250,
  "start_line": 981
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 981-1250 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1251.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
                base.TRAIN_END if stage == "validation" else base.VALIDATION_END
            )
            horizon = config.discovery_horizon_days * base.DAY
            grade_three = 0
            for user_row, uid in enumerate(prepared.user_ids):
                start = int(prepared.offsets[user_row])
                end = int(prepared.offsets[user_row + 1])
                if end - start < 2:
                    continue
                last_training_target = start + int(training_counts[user_row])
                first_validation_target = last_training_target + 1
                split_timestamp = (
                    int(prepared.sequence_timestamps[first_validation_target])
                    if first_validation_target < end
                    else history_end
                )
                user_likes = like_outcomes.get(int(uid), {})
                seen = {int(prepared.sequence_items[start])}
                for position in range(start + 1, end):
                    item = int(prepared.sequence_items[position])
                    novel = item not in seen
                    seen.add(item)
                    if not novel:
                        # Repeats remain training examples, but they cannot be
                        # eligible discovery outcomes at the corresponding
                        # cutoff and therefore keep only the ordinary weight.
                        weights[position] = config.ordinary_target_weight
                        continue
                    timestamps = user_likes.get(item)
                    if timestamps is None:
                        continue
                    timestamp = int(prepared.sequence_timestamps[position])
                    upper = min(
                        timestamp + horizon,
                        split_timestamp
                        if position <= last_training_target
                        else history_end,
                    )
                    outcome = int(np.searchsorted(timestamps, timestamp, side="left"))
                    if outcome < len(timestamps) and int(timestamps[outcome]) < upper:
                        weights[position] = config.organic_like_target_weight
                        grade_three += 1
            log(
                f"grade-3 first-encounter targets={grade_three:,} "
                f"horizon_days={config.discovery_horizon_days}"
            )
    log(
        f"target weighting={config.target_weighting} "
        f"min={weights.min():.3f} mean={weights.mean():.3f} "
        f"max={weights.max():.3f}"
    )
    return weights


def build_dense_block(
    prepared: SequenceData,
    target_weights: np.ndarray,
    users: np.ndarray,
    window_starts: np.ndarray,
    process_counts: np.ndarray,
    score_starts: np.ndarray,
    start: int,
    steps: int,
    config: Config,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, ...]:
    """Build one causal sequence block and mark the target rows to score."""
    batch_size = len(users)
    padding_item = len(prepared.item_ids)
    input_items = np.full((batch_size, steps), padding_item, dtype=np.uint16)
    event_features = np.zeros((batch_size, steps, 3), dtype=np.float16)
    activity_features = np.zeros((batch_size, steps, 4), dtype=np.float16)
    state_ids = np.zeros((batch_size, steps), dtype=np.uint32)
    targets = np.zeros((batch_size, steps), dtype=np.uint16)
    weights = np.ones((batch_size, steps), dtype=np.float32)
    scored = np.zeros((batch_size, steps), dtype=bool)
    histories = np.full(
        (batch_size, steps, config.bptt_steps),
        padding_item,
        dtype=np.uint16,
    )
    processed = np.zeros(batch_size, dtype=np.int32)

    lengths = prepared.lengths
    for row, user_row in enumerate(users):
        count = min(steps, max(int(process_counts[row]) - start, 0))
        if not count:
            continue
        offset = int(prepared.offsets[user_row])
        window_start = int(window_starts[row])
        absolute_start = window_start + start
        positions = slice(
            offset + absolute_start,
            offset + absolute_start + count,
        )
        target_positions = slice(
            offset + absolute_start + 1,
            offset + absolute_start + count + 1,
        )
        input_items[row, :count] = prepared.sequence_items[positions]
        event_features[row, :count] = prepared.event_features[positions]
        activity_features[row, :count] = prepared.activity_features[positions]
        state_ids[row, :count] = prepared.state_ids[positions]
        targets[row, :count] = prepared.sequence_items[target_positions]
        weights[row, :count] = target_weights[target_positions]
        score_from = min(count, max(int(score_starts[row]) - start, 0))
        scored[row, score_from:count] = True
        processed[row] = count
        user_sequence = prepared.sequence_items[
            offset : offset + int(lengths[user_row])
        ]
        histories[row, :count] = history_windows(
            user_sequence,
            absolute_start,
            count,
            config.bptt_steps,
            padding_item,
        )
    return (
        input_items,
        event_features,
        activity_features,
        state_ids,
        targets,
        scored,
        histories,
        processed,
        weights,
    )


def score_target_microbatches(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    sequence_vectors: torch.Tensor,
    flat_states: np.ndarray,
    flat_activity: np.ndarray,
    positive_items: torch.Tensor,
    negatives: torch.Tensor,
    negative_weights: torch.Tensor,
    sample_weights: np.ndarray,
    device: torch.device,
    backward: bool,
) -> tuple[dict[str, float], torch.Tensor | None]:
    """Compute one logical block's exact BCE in bounded-memory slices."""
    target_count = len(positive_items)
    total_weight = float(sample_weights.sum())
    if total_weight <= 0:
        raise RuntimeError("target block has no positive sample weight")
    sequence_gradient = torch.zeros_like(sequence_vectors) if backward else None
    statistics = {
        "loss_sum": 0.0,
        "positive_sum": 0.0,
        "negative_sum": 0.0,
        "pair_correct": 0.0,
        "weight_sum": 0.0,
    }
    for begin in range(0, target_count, config.loss_microbatch_size):
        end = min(begin + config.loss_microbatch_size, target_count)
        selected_states = flat_states[begin:end]
        if backward:
            sequence_input = (
                sequence_vectors[begin:end].detach().requires_grad_(True)
            )
        else:
            sequence_input = sequence_vectors[begin:end]
        liked_vectors, disliked_vectors, _ = pool_explicit_states(
            model, prepared, selected_states, device
        )
        counts = prepared.state_counts[selected_states]
        numeric = np.zeros((end - begin, 6), dtype=np.float32)
        numeric[:, :4] = flat_activity[begin:end]
        numeric[:, 4] = np.log1p(counts[:, 0]) / 6.0
        numeric[:, 5] = np.log1p(counts[:, 1]) / 4.0
        query_vectors = user_queries(
            model,
            sequence_input,
            liked_vectors,
            disliked_vectors,
            torch.from_numpy(numeric).to(device),
        )
        positive_vectors, negative_vectors = candidate_vectors(
            model,
            positive_items[begin:end],
            negatives[begin:end],
        )
        positive_logits = (query_vectors * positive_vectors).sum(dim=1)
        negative_logits = torch.einsum(
            "bd,bkd->bk", query_vectors, negative_vectors
        )
        positive_loss = F.softplus(-positive_logits)
        negative_loss = corrected_negative_loss(
            negative_logits, negative_weights[begin:end], config
        )
        selected_weights = torch.from_numpy(
            sample_weights[begin:end].astype(np.float32, copy=False)
        ).to(device)
        loss_sum = (
            selected_weights * (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2.0
        ).sum()
        if not bool(torch.isfinite(loss_sum)):
            raise RuntimeError("dense next-item training produced non-finite loss")
        if backward:
            (loss_sum / total_weight).backward()
            if sequence_input.grad is None:
                raise RuntimeError("sequence microbatch did not produce a gradient")
            sequence_gradient[begin:end] = sequence_input.grad
        statistics["loss_sum"] += float(loss_sum.detach().cpu())
        statistics["positive_sum"] += float(positive_logits.detach().sum().cpu())
        statistics["negative_sum"] += float(negative_logits.detach().sum().cpu())
        statistics["pair_correct"] += float(
            (positive_logits.detach()[:, None] > negative_logits.detach()).sum().cpu()
        )
        statistics["weight_sum"] += float(selected_weights.sum().detach().cpu())
    return statistics, sequence_gradient


def release_accelerator_cache(device: torch.device) -> None:
    if device.type == "mps":
        torch.mps.empty_cache()


def run_training_epoch(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    target_weights: np.ndarray,
    window_starts: np.ndarray,
    target_counts: np.ndarray,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray | None,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
    epoch: int,
) -> dict[str, float]:
    model.train()
    train_users = np.flatnonzero(target_counts > 0)
    sorted_users = train_users[
        np.argsort(target_counts[train_users], kind="stable")
    ]
    groups = [
        sorted_users[start : start + config.user_batch_size]
        for start in range(0, len(sorted_users), config.user_batch_size)
    ]
    group_order = torch.randperm(len(groups), generator=generator).numpy()
    negative_count = config.uniform_negatives + config.inbatch_negatives
    total_loss = 0.0
    total_targets = 0
    total_weight = 0.0
    total_positive = 0.0
    total_negative = 0.0
    total_pair_correct = 0.0
    batches = 0
    started = time.monotonic()

    for group_number in group_order:
        users = groups[int(group_number)]
        group_counts = target_counts[users]
        hidden = torch.zeros(
            1, len(users), config.embedding_dim, device=device
        )
        max_targets = int(group_counts.max())
        for start in range(0, max_targets, config.bptt_steps):
            steps = min(config.bptt_steps, max_targets - start)
            block = build_dense_block(
                prepared,
                target_weights,
                users,
                window_starts[users],
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Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1251,
  "end_line": 1400,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1251-1400 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1401.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
                group_counts,
                np.zeros(len(users), dtype=np.int64),
                start,
                steps,
                config,
            )
            sequence_outputs, _ = event_sequence(
                model,
                torch.from_numpy(block[0].astype(np.int64)).to(device),
                torch.from_numpy(block[1].astype(np.float32)).to(device),
                hidden,
            )
            hidden = torch.stack(
                [
                    sequence_outputs[row, count - 1]
                    if count
                    else hidden[0, row]
                    for row, count in enumerate(block[7])
                ]
            ).unsqueeze(0).detach()
            flat_scored = block[5].reshape(-1)
            if not np.any(flat_scored):
                continue
            mask = torch.from_numpy(flat_scored).to(device)
            sequence_vectors = sequence_outputs.reshape(
                -1, config.embedding_dim
            )[mask]
            flat_states = block[3].reshape(-1)[flat_scored]
            positive_items = torch.from_numpy(
                block[4].reshape(-1)[flat_scored].astype(np.int64)
            ).to(device)
            known_history = torch.from_numpy(
                block[6].reshape(-1, config.bptt_steps)[flat_scored].astype(
                    np.int64
                )
            ).to(device)
            liked_items = torch.from_numpy(
                prepared.liked_states[flat_states].astype(np.int64)
            ).to(device)
            flat_user_rows = np.broadcast_to(
                users[:, None], block[5].shape
            ).reshape(-1)[flat_scored]
            negatives, negative_weights = draw_training_negatives(
                positive_items,
                known_history,
                liked_items,
                flat_user_rows,
                known_positive_packed,
                prepared,
                config,
                item_correction,
                generator,
                device,
            )
            optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
            statistics, sequence_gradient = score_target_microbatches(
                model,
                prepared,
                config,
                sequence_vectors,
                flat_states,
                block[2].reshape(-1, 4)[flat_scored].astype(np.float32),
                positive_items,
                negatives,
                negative_weights,
                block[8].reshape(-1)[flat_scored],
                device,
                backward=True,
            )
            if sequence_gradient is None:
                raise RuntimeError("training block omitted its sequence gradient")
            sequence_vectors.backward(sequence_gradient)
            nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), config.gradient_clip)
            optimizer.step()

            count = len(positive_items)
            total_loss += statistics["loss_sum"]
            total_targets += count
            total_weight += statistics["weight_sum"]
            total_positive += statistics["positive_sum"]
            total_negative += statistics["negative_sum"]
            total_pair_correct += statistics["pair_correct"]
            batches += 1
            if batches % 25 == 0:
                release_accelerator_cache(device)
            if batches % 250 == 0:
                batch_bce = statistics["loss_sum"] / max(
                    statistics["weight_sum"], 1.0e-12
                )
                running_bce = total_loss / max(total_weight, 1.0e-12)
                log(
                    f"epoch={epoch}/{config.epochs} batches={batches:,} "
                    f"targets={total_targets:,} "
                    f"batch_bce={batch_bce:.6f} "
                    f"running_bce={running_bce:.6f} "
                    f"elapsed={time.monotonic() - started:.1f}s"
                )

    return {
        "epoch": float(epoch),
        "loss": total_loss / max(total_weight, 1.0e-12),
        "positive_logit": total_positive / max(total_targets, 1),
        "negative_logit": total_negative / max(total_targets * negative_count, 1),
        "pair_accuracy": total_pair_correct
        / max(total_targets * negative_count, 1),
        "targets": float(total_targets),
        "target_weight_sum": total_weight,
        "batches": float(batches),
        "seconds": time.monotonic() - started,
    }


@torch.no_grad()
def evaluate_validation_bce(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    target_weights: np.ndarray,
    window_starts: np.ndarray,
    training_counts: np.ndarray,
    validation_counts: np.ndarray,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray | None,
    device: torch.device,
) -> dict[str, float]:
    """Measure deterministic BCE on each user's chronological target suffix."""
    model.eval()
    totals = training_counts + validation_counts
    users_with_validation = np.flatnonzero(validation_counts > 0)
    ordered = users_with_validation[
        np.argsort(totals[users_with_validation], kind="stable")
    ]
    groups = [
        ordered[start : start + config.user_batch_size]
        for start in range(0, len(ordered), config.user_batch_size)
    ]
    generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu").manual_seed(config.seed + 20_000)
    total_loss = 0.0
    total_targets = 0
    total_weight = 0.0
    started = time.monotonic()

    for group_number, users in enumerate(groups, start=1):
        group_totals = totals[users]
        group_starts = training_counts[users]
        hidden = torch.zeros(
            1, len(users), config.embedding_dim, device=device
        )
        max_targets = int(group_totals.max())
        for start in range(0, max_targets, config.bptt_steps):
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Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 1600,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 1401
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1401-1600 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1601.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
            steps = min(config.bptt_steps, max_targets - start)
            block = build_dense_block(
                prepared,
                target_weights,
                users,
                window_starts[users],
                group_totals,
                group_starts,
                start,
                steps,
                config,
            )
            sequence_outputs, _ = event_sequence(
                model,
                torch.from_numpy(block[0].astype(np.int64)).to(device),
                torch.from_numpy(block[1].astype(np.float32)).to(device),
                hidden,
            )
            hidden = torch.stack(
                [
                    sequence_outputs[row, count - 1]
                    if count
                    else hidden[0, row]
                    for row, count in enumerate(block[7])
                ]
            ).unsqueeze(0)
            flat_scored = block[5].reshape(-1)
            if not np.any(flat_scored):
                continue
            mask = torch.from_numpy(flat_scored).to(device)
            sequence_vectors = sequence_outputs.reshape(
                -1, config.embedding_dim
            )[mask]
            flat_states = block[3].reshape(-1)[flat_scored]
            positive_items = torch.from_numpy(
                block[4].reshape(-1)[flat_scored].astype(np.int64)
            ).to(device)
            known_history = torch.from_numpy(
                block[6].reshape(-1, config.bptt_steps)[flat_scored].astype(
                    np.int64
                )
            ).to(device)
            liked_items = torch.from_numpy(
                prepared.liked_states[flat_states].astype(np.int64)
            ).to(device)
            flat_user_rows = np.broadcast_to(
                users[:, None], block[5].shape
            ).reshape(-1)[flat_scored]
            negatives, negative_weights = draw_training_negatives(
                positive_items,
                known_history,
                liked_items,
                flat_user_rows,
                known_positive_packed,
                prepared,
                config,
                item_correction,
                generator,
                device,
            )
            statistics, _ = score_target_microbatches(
                model,
                prepared,
                config,
                sequence_vectors,
                flat_states,
                block[2].reshape(-1, 4)[flat_scored].astype(np.float32),
                positive_items,
                negatives,
                negative_weights,
                block[8].reshape(-1)[flat_scored],
                device,
                backward=False,
            )
            total_loss += statistics["loss_sum"]
            total_targets += len(positive_items)
            total_weight += statistics["weight_sum"]
        if group_number % 25 == 0:
            release_accelerator_cache(device)
    return {
        "validation_loss": total_loss / max(total_weight, 1.0e-12),
        "validation_targets": float(total_targets),
        "validation_target_weight_sum": total_weight,
        "validation_seconds": time.monotonic() - started,
    }


def snapshot_model(model: nn.Module) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
    return {
        name: value.detach().cpu().clone()
        for name, value in model.state_dict().items()
    }


def save_epoch_checkpoint(
    checkpoint_dir: Path,
    epoch: int,
    model_state: dict[str, torch.Tensor],
    config: Config,
    diagnostics: dict[str, float],
    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
    generator: torch.Generator,
) -> Path:
    checkpoint_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    path = checkpoint_dir / f"epoch-{epoch:02d}.pt"
    torch.save(
        {
            "epoch": epoch,
            "config": asdict(config),
            "diagnostics": diagnostics,
            "model_state": model_state,
            "optimizer_state": optimizer.state_dict(),
            "generator_state": generator.get_state(),
        },
        path,
    )
    log(f"saved epoch checkpoint: {path}")
    return path


def train_model(
    public: Path,
    stage: str,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    device: torch.device,
    checkpoint_dir: Path | None,
    resume_checkpoint: Path | None,
) -> tuple[base.SequentialTwoTower, list[dict[str, float]]]:
    partition = chronological_target_partition(
        prepared,
        config.validation_fraction,
        config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
    )
    training_counts = partition.training_counts
    validation_counts = partition.validation_counts
    log(
        f"chronological BCE window: train={int(training_counts.sum()):,} "
        f"validation={int(validation_counts.sum()):,} "
        f"selected={partition.selected_count:,} "
        f"discarded_old_targets={int(partition.window_starts.sum()):,} "
        f"all={prepared.target_count:,}"
    )
    model = base.SequentialTwoTower(prepared.item_features, model_config(config)).to(
        device
    )
    optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(
        model.parameters(), lr=config.learning_rate, weight_decay=config.weight_decay
    )
    generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu").manual_seed(config.seed + 10_000)
    item_correction = build_item_correction(
        prepared,
        config,
        partition.window_starts,
        training_counts,
    )
    target_weights = build_target_weights(
        public,
        stage,
        prepared,
        partition.history_training_counts,
        config,
    )
    known_positive_packed = (
        build_known_positive_filter(prepared, partition.history_training_counts)
        if config.negative_filter_scope == "full-training-history"
        else None
    )
    history: list[dict[str, float]] = []
    best_loss = float("inf")
    best_epoch = 0
    best_state: dict[str, torch.Tensor] | None = None
    epochs_without_improvement = 0
    start_epoch = 0

    if resume_checkpoint is not None:
        payload = torch.load(
            resume_checkpoint, map_location=device, weights_only=False
        )
        stored_config = payload.get("config", {})
        architecture_fields = (
            "bptt_steps",
            "embedding_dim",
            "hidden_dim",
            "user_hidden_1",
            "user_hidden_2",
            "item_hidden_1",
            "item_hidden_2",
        )
        mismatches = {
            name: (stored_config.get(name), getattr(config, name))
            for name in architecture_fields
            if stored_config.get(name) != getattr(config, name)
        }
        if mismatches:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"resume checkpoint architecture differs: {mismatches}"
            )
        stored_filter_scope = stored_config.get(
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Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1601,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 1800
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1601-1800 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1801.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
            "negative_filter_scope", "last-100"
        )
        stored_target_weighting = stored_config.get(
            "target_weighting", "uniform"
        )
        stored_weight_values = (
            stored_config.get("ordinary_target_weight", 1.0),
            stored_config.get("organic_strong_target_weight", 1.0),
            stored_config.get("organic_like_target_weight", 3.0),
            stored_config.get("discovery_horizon_days", 7),
        )
        current_weight_values = (
            config.ordinary_target_weight,
            config.organic_strong_target_weight,
            config.organic_like_target_weight,
            config.discovery_horizon_days,
        )
        stored_window_values = (
            stored_config.get("validation_fraction", 0.10),
            stored_config.get("max_train_targets_per_user", 0),
            stored_config.get("max_validation_targets_per_user", 0),
        )
        current_window_values = (
            config.validation_fraction,
            config.max_train_targets_per_user,
            config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        )
        objective_changed = (
            stored_filter_scope != config.negative_filter_scope
            or stored_target_weighting != config.target_weighting
            or stored_weight_values != current_weight_values
            or stored_window_values != current_window_values
        )
        model.load_state_dict(payload["model_state"])
        if "optimizer_state" in payload and not objective_changed:
            optimizer.load_state_dict(payload["optimizer_state"])
            for group in optimizer.param_groups:
                group["lr"] = config.learning_rate
                group["weight_decay"] = config.weight_decay
            log(f"restored optimizer state from {resume_checkpoint}")
        else:
            log(
                f"using a fresh AdamW optimizer after loading {resume_checkpoint}"
            )
        if "generator_state" in payload and not objective_changed:
            generator.set_state(payload["generator_state"])
        start_epoch = int(payload["epoch"])
        if start_epoch >= config.epochs:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"resume epoch {start_epoch} must be below --epochs {config.epochs}"
            )
        prior = {
            str(name): float(value)
            for name, value in payload.get("diagnostics", {}).items()
        }
        if objective_changed:
            prior.pop("validation_loss", None)
            log(
                "BCE objective changed: filter "
                f"{stored_filter_scope}->{config.negative_filter_scope}, "
                "target weighting "
                f"{stored_target_weighting}->{config.target_weighting}, "
                f"target window {stored_window_values}->{current_window_values}; "
                "recomputing the resume checkpoint's validation BCE"
            )
        if "validation_loss" not in prior:
            prior.update(
                evaluate_validation_bce(
                    model,
                    prepared,
                    config,
                    target_weights,
                    partition.window_starts,
                    training_counts,
                    validation_counts,
                    item_correction,
                    known_positive_packed,
                    device,
                )
            )
        history.append(prior)
        best_loss = float(prior["validation_loss"])
        best_epoch = start_epoch
        best_state = snapshot_model(model)
        log(
            f"resumed validation-BCE training: epoch={start_epoch} "
            f"loss={best_loss:.6f}"
        )

    for epoch in range(start_epoch + 1, config.epochs + 1):
        diagnostics = run_training_epoch(
            model,
            optimizer,
            prepared,
            config,
            target_weights,
            partition.window_starts,
            training_counts,
            item_correction,
            known_positive_packed,
            generator,
            device,
            epoch,
        )
        validation = evaluate_validation_bce(
            model,
            prepared,
            config,
            target_weights,
            partition.window_starts,
            training_counts,
            validation_counts,
            item_correction,
            known_positive_packed,
            device,
        )
        diagnostics.update(validation)
        history.append(diagnostics)
        current_state = snapshot_model(model)
        if checkpoint_dir is not None:
            save_epoch_checkpoint(
                checkpoint_dir,
                epoch,
                current_state,
                config,
                diagnostics,
                optimizer,
                generator,
            )
        improved = (
            diagnostics["validation_loss"]
            < best_loss - config.early_stopping_min_delta
        )
        if improved:
            best_loss = diagnostics["validation_loss"]
            best_epoch = epoch
            best_state = current_state
            epochs_without_improvement = 0
            if checkpoint_dir is not None:
                torch.save(
                    {
                        "epoch": epoch,
                        "config": asdict(config),
                        "diagnostics": diagnostics,
                        "model_state": current_state,
                        "optimizer_state": optimizer.state_dict(),
                        "generator_state": generator.get_state(),
                    },
                    checkpoint_dir / "best.pt",
                )
        else:
            epochs_without_improvement += 1
        log(
            f"epoch={epoch}/{config.epochs} train_loss={diagnostics['loss']:.5f} "
            f"validation_loss={diagnostics['validation_loss']:.5f} "
            f"pair_accuracy={diagnostics['pair_accuracy']:.3f} "
            f"train_targets={int(diagnostics['targets']):,} "
            f"validation_targets={int(diagnostics['validation_targets']):,} "
            f"train_seconds={diagnostics['seconds']:.1f} "
            f"validation_seconds={diagnostics['validation_seconds']:.1f}"
        )
        release_accelerator_cache(device)
        if epochs_without_improvement >= config.early_stopping_patience:
            log(
                f"early stopping after epoch={epoch}; "
                f"best_epoch={best_epoch} best_validation_loss={best_loss:.6f}"
            )
            break

    if best_state is None:
        raise RuntimeError("training did not produce a valid checkpoint")
    model.load_state_dict(best_state)
    model.to(device).eval()
    log(
        f"restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch={best_epoch} "
        f"loss={best_loss:.6f}"
    )
    return model, history


@torch.inference_mode()
def inference_queries(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    config: Config,
    device: torch.device,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    sequence_rows = prepared.inference_user_rows
    lengths = np.where(
        sequence_rows >= 0, prepared.lengths[np.maximum(sequence_rows, 0)], 0
    )
    ordered = np.argsort(lengths, kind="stable")
    result = torch.zeros(
        len(sequence_rows), config.embedding_dim, dtype=torch.float32
    )
    for group_start in range(0, len(ordered), config.user_batch_size):
        output_rows = ordered[group_start : group_start + config.user_batch_size]
        rows = sequence_rows[output_rows]
        group_lengths = lengths[output_rows]
        hidden = torch.zeros(
20

read_file train_current_model.py

+01:05
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1801,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 2050
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1801-2050 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2051.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
            1, len(output_rows), config.embedding_dim, device=device
        )
        for start in range(0, int(group_lengths.max(initial=0)), config.bptt_steps):
            steps = min(
                config.bptt_steps,
                int(group_lengths.max(initial=0)) - start,
            )
            items = np.full(
                (len(output_rows), steps),
                len(prepared.item_ids),
                dtype=np.uint16,
            )
            features = np.zeros((len(output_rows), steps, 3), dtype=np.float16)
            counts = np.zeros(len(output_rows), dtype=np.int32)
            for local_row, sequence_row in enumerate(rows):
                if sequence_row < 0:
                    continue
                count = min(steps, max(int(group_lengths[local_row]) - start, 0))
                if not count:
                    continue
                offset = int(prepared.offsets[sequence_row])
                selected = slice(offset + start, offset + start + count)
                items[local_row, :count] = prepared.sequence_items[selected]
                features[local_row, :count] = prepared.event_features[selected]
                counts[local_row] = count
            outputs, _ = event_sequence(
                model,
                torch.from_numpy(items.astype(np.int64)).to(device),
                torch.from_numpy(features.astype(np.float32)).to(device),
                hidden,
            )
            next_rows: list[torch.Tensor] = []
            for local_row, count in enumerate(counts):
                next_rows.append(
                    outputs[local_row, count - 1]
                    if count
                    else hidden[0, local_row]
                )
            hidden = torch.stack(next_rows).unsqueeze(0)

        liked_items = torch.from_numpy(
            prepared.inference_liked_items[output_rows].astype(np.int64)
        ).to(device)
        disliked_items = torch.from_numpy(
            prepared.inference_disliked_items[output_rows].astype(np.int64)
        ).to(device)
        queries = user_queries(
            model,
            hidden.squeeze(0),
            model._mean_context_channel(liked_items),
            model._mean_context_channel(disliked_items),
            torch.from_numpy(
                prepared.inference_user_features[output_rows].astype(np.float32)
            ).to(device),
        )
        result[torch.from_numpy(output_rows.astype(np.int64))] = queries.cpu()
    return result


@torch.inference_mode()
def rank_candidates(
    model: base.SequentialTwoTower,
    prepared: SequenceData,
    eligibility: CandidateSet,
    config: Config,
    device: torch.device,
    ranking_batch_size: int,
) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, dict[str, float]]:
    model.eval()
    queries = inference_queries(model, prepared, config, device)
    item_parts: list[torch.Tensor] = []
    for start in range(0, len(prepared.item_ids), 2_048):
        rows = torch.arange(
            start,
            min(start + 2_048, len(prepared.item_ids)),
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=device,
        )
        item_parts.append(model.encode_items(rows).cpu())
    items = torch.cat(item_parts)
    rows: list[tuple[int, int, int]] = []
    for start in range(0, len(eligibility.uids), ranking_batch_size):
        end = min(start + ranking_batch_size, len(eligibility.uids))
        scores = queries[start:end] @ items.T
        eligible = np.unpackbits(
            eligibility.packed[start:end],
            axis=1,
            count=len(prepared.item_ids),
            bitorder="little",
        ).astype(bool, copy=False)
        scores.masked_fill_(~torch.from_numpy(eligible), -torch.inf)
        selected = torch.topk(scores, k=base.TOP_N, dim=1).indices.numpy()
        for local_row, columns in enumerate(selected):
            uid = int(eligibility.uids[start + local_row])
            rows.extend(
                (uid, int(prepared.item_ids[column]), rank)
                for rank, column in enumerate(columns, start=1)
            )
        if end == len(eligibility.uids) or end % 1_024 == 0:
            log(f"ranked users={end:,}/{len(eligibility.uids):,}")
    query_norm = torch.linalg.vector_norm(queries, dim=1).numpy()
    item_norm = torch.linalg.vector_norm(items, dim=1).numpy()
    diagnostics = {
        "query_norm_mean": float(query_norm.mean()),
        "query_norm_std": float(query_norm.std()),
        "item_norm_mean": float(item_norm.mean()),
        "item_norm_std": float(item_norm.std()),
    }
    return pd.DataFrame(rows, columns=["uid", "item_id", "rank"]), diagnostics


def write_ranking(frame: pd.DataFrame, output: Path) -> None:
    output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    if output.suffix == ".parquet":
        frame.to_parquet(output, index=False, compression="zstd")
    elif output.suffix == ".csv":
        frame.to_csv(output, index=False)
    else:
        raise ValueError("--output must end in .parquet or .csv")


def main() -> int:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--stage", choices=("validation", "submission"), default="validation"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
    parser.add_argument("--public-dir", type=Path, required=True)
    parser.add_argument("--prepared-cache", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--device", choices=("cpu", "mps"), default="cpu")
    parser.add_argument("--threads", type=int, default=8)
    parser.add_argument("--bptt-steps", type=int, default=Config.bptt_steps)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--user-batch-size", type=int, default=Config.user_batch_size
    )
    parser.add_argument("--epochs", type=int, default=Config.epochs)
    parser.add_argument("--learning-rate", type=float, default=Config.learning_rate)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--loss-microbatch-size",
        type=int,
        default=Config.loss_microbatch_size,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--negative-filter-scope",
        choices=("full-training-history", "last-100"),
        default=Config.negative_filter_scope,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--target-weighting",
        choices=("discovery-graded", "organic-strong", "uniform"),
        default=Config.target_weighting,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ordinary-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.ordinary_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-strong-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_strong_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-like-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_like_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--discovery-horizon-days",
        type=int,
        default=Config.discovery_horizon_days,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation-fraction",
        type=float,
        default=Config.validation_fraction,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-train-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many recent pre-validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-validation-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many final validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-patience",
        type=int,
        default=Config.early_stopping_patience,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-min-delta",
        type=float,
        default=Config.early_stopping_min_delta,
    )
    parser.add_argument("--checkpoint-dir", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--resume-checkpoint", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=Config.seed)
    parser.add_argument("--ranking-batch-size", type=int, default=64)
    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:
        parser.error("threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive")
    if (
        args.epochs < 1
        or args.learning_rate <= 0
        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1
        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1
        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0
        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0
        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1
        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0
    ):
        parser.error("training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid")
    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:
        parser.error("validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one")
    public = args.public_dir.resolve()
    if not (public / "data" / "candidate_catalog.parquet").is_file():
        parser.error(f"public task data not found under {public}")
    config = Config(
        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,
        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,
        epochs=args.epochs,
        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,
        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,
        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,
        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,
        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,
        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,
        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,
        max_train_targets_per_user=args.max_train_targets_per_user,
        max_validation_targets_per_user=args.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        early_stopping_patience=args.early_stopping_patience,
        early_stopping_min_delta=args.early_stopping_min_delta,
        seed=args.seed,
    )
    torch.set_num_threads(args.threads)
    torch.set_num_interop_threads(1)
    seed_everything(config.seed)
    device = torch.device(args.device)
21

read_file train_current_model.py

+01:07
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 2051,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 2165
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 2051-2165 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2166.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    if device.type == "mps" and not torch.backends.mps.is_available():
        parser.error("MPS was requested but is unavailable")

    started = time.monotonic()
    prepared, eligibility = load_or_prepare(
        public,
        args.stage,
        config,
        args.prepared_cache.resolve() if args.prepared_cache else None,
    )
    target_partition = chronological_target_partition(
        prepared,
        config.validation_fraction,
        config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
    )
    if args.prepare_only:
        print(
            json.dumps(
                {
                    "stage": args.stage,
                    "sequence_users": len(prepared.user_ids),
                    "sequence_tokens": len(prepared.sequence_items),
                    "next_item_targets": prepared.target_count,
                    "selected_training_targets": int(
                        target_partition.training_counts.sum()
                    ),
                    "selected_validation_targets": int(
                        target_partition.validation_counts.sum()
                    ),
                    "discarded_old_targets": int(
                        target_partition.window_starts.sum()
                    ),
                    "target_users": len(eligibility.uids),
                    "runtime_seconds": round(time.monotonic() - started, 3),
                    "config": asdict(config),
                },
                indent=2,
            )
        )
        return 0

    model, training_history = train_model(
        public,
        args.stage,
        prepared,
        config,
        device,
        args.checkpoint_dir.resolve() if args.checkpoint_dir else None,
        args.resume_checkpoint.resolve() if args.resume_checkpoint else None,
    )
    ranking, embedding_diagnostics = rank_candidates(
        model,
        prepared,
        eligibility,
        config,
        device,
        args.ranking_batch_size,
    )
    write_ranking(ranking, args.output.resolve())
    print(
        json.dumps(
            {
                "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
                "stage": args.stage,
                "output": str(args.output.resolve()),
                "rows": len(ranking),
                "users": int(ranking.uid.nunique()),
                "runtime_seconds": round(time.monotonic() - started, 3),
                "public_inputs_only": True,
                "architecture": {
                    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
                    "sequence_training": (
                        "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window"
                    ),
                    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
                    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
                    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
                    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
                    "user_id_embedding": False,
                    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
                    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
                    "normalization": "none",
                    "score": "raw-dot-product",
                    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
                    "negative_sampling": (
                        "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch"
                    ),
                    "false_negative_filter": config.negative_filter_scope,
                    "target_weighting": config.target_weighting,
                },
                "config": asdict(config),
                "sequence_tokens": len(prepared.sequence_items),
                "all_next_item_targets": prepared.target_count,
                "selected_training_targets": int(
                    target_partition.training_counts.sum()
                ),
                "selected_validation_targets": int(
                    target_partition.validation_counts.sum()
                ),
                "discarded_old_targets": int(target_partition.window_starts.sum()),
                "training_history": training_history,
                "embedding_diagnostics": embedding_diagnostics,
                "torch_version": torch.__version__,
                "device": str(device),
            },
            indent=2,
        )
    )
    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    raise SystemExit(main())
22

read_file train_current_model.py

+01:10
Recorded reasoning summary 36 words

Running Baseline Model

I'm initiating a baseline model run to establish initial performance metrics, specifically focusing on execution time and the validation NDCG@10 score. Concurrently, I'm reviewing the prompt's directive for reproducing the production public backtest.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 470,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 535
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 470-535 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 536.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---

def cache_metadata(stage: str, config: Config) -> dict[str, object]:
    return {
        "cache_version": CACHE_VERSION,
        "stage": stage,
        "positive_listen_threshold": base.LISTEN_POSITIVE_THRESHOLD,
        "profile_lookback_days": base.PROFILE_LOOKBACK_DAYS,
        "event_time_feature": "exp-negative-gap-over-60-days",
    }


def save_cache(
    path: Path, prepared: SequenceData, stage: str, config: Config
) -> None:
    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    np.savez(
        path,
        metadata=np.asarray(json.dumps(cache_metadata(stage, config), sort_keys=True)),
        **prepared.__dict__,
    )
    log(f"saved public-derived full-sequence cache: {path}")


def load_cache(path: Path, stage: str, config: Config) -> SequenceData:
    with np.load(path, allow_pickle=False) as artifact:
        actual = json.loads(str(artifact["metadata"].item()))
        expected = cache_metadata(stage, config)
        if actual != expected:
            raise RuntimeError(f"sequence cache differs: {actual} != {expected}")
        values = {
            field: artifact[field].copy()
            for field in SequenceData.__dataclass_fields__
        }
    prepared = SequenceData(**values)
    log(
        f"loaded full-sequence cache: tokens={len(prepared.sequence_items):,} "
        f"targets={prepared.target_count:,}"
    )
    return prepared


def load_or_prepare(
    public: Path,
    stage: str,
    config: Config,
    cache: Path | None,
) -> tuple[SequenceData, CandidateSet]:
    candidate_name = (
        "validation_eligible_candidates.npz"
        if stage == "validation"
        else "test_eligible_candidates.npz"
    )
    eligibility = CandidateSet.read(public / "data" / candidate_name)
    if cache is not None and cache.is_file():
        prepared = load_cache(cache, stage, config)
        if not np.array_equal(prepared.item_ids, eligibility.item_ids):
            raise RuntimeError("cached catalog differs from candidate artifact")
        return prepared, eligibility
    prepared, built_eligibility = prepare_data(public, stage, config)
    if cache is not None:
        save_cache(cache, prepared, stage, config)
    return prepared, built_eligibility


def build_item_correction(
    prepared: SequenceData,
23

Run baseline model training on validation stage and evaluate with public evaluator

+01:14

Model text

I will run the baseline training on the validation stage with --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz and evaluate it with evaluate_public.py.

Tool callrun_shell_commandRun baseline model training on validation stage and evaluate with public evaluator Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python /task/current_model/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --output /app/solution/production_validation.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/production_validation.parquet",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Run baseline model training on validation stage and evaluate with public evaluator"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded explicit events: rows=720,270 users=8,220
prepared users=1,000 tokens=2,090,746 states=35,727 elapsed=4.9s
prepared users=2,000 tokens=4,301,266 states=71,242 elapsed=9.9s
prepared users=3,000 tokens=6,486,146 states=109,471 elapsed=15.1s
prepared users=4,000 tokens=8,793,043 states=148,210 elapsed=20.6s
prepared users=5,000 tokens=10,992,205 states=182,596 elapsed=25.5s
prepared users=6,000 tokens=13,061,727 states=217,148 elapsed=30.2s
prepared users=7,000 tokens=15,334,418 states=256,914 elapsed=35.8s
prepared users=8,000 tokens=17,462,672 states=296,703 elapsed=41.1s
prepared users=9,000 tokens=19,568,405 states=331,551 elapsed=45.8s
target users without qualifying catalog sequence=7
prepared stage=validation sequence_users=9,135 tokens=20,056,329 next_item_targets=20,047,194 states=339,133
saved public-derived full-sequence cache: /app/solution/cache_val.npz
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=1.001 max=4.000
target weighting=organic-strong min=0.250 mean=0.575 max=1.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.547529 running_bce=0.541614 elapsed=198.1s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.53984 validation_loss=0.49664 pair_accuracy=0.755 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=211.4 validation_seconds=15.7
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.496636
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/production_validation.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 361.553,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "organic-strong"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "organic-strong",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5398380465323656,
      "positive_logit": 0.7427799632374114,
      "negative_logit": -0.6222247021058293,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.754773301847281,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 632551.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 211.42121194599997,
      "validation_loss": 0.4966362195648962,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 78769.25,
      "validation_seconds": 15.701991082000063
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.603016972541809,
    "query_norm_std": 0.7697497606277466,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.7570279836654663,
    "item_norm_std": 0.8279485106468201
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/production_validation.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.02128,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 1631
</untrusted_context>
24

Test cache loading speed

+07:30
Recorded reasoning summary 37 words

Reproducing Baseline Performance

I've successfully reproduced the baseline metrics. The quality NDCG@10 is 0.02128 for 4263 users. The total runtime was approximately six minutes, with data preparation cached and one epoch of training taking the longest portion.

Model text

I will verify the cache loading speed by running --prepare-only with --prepared-cache.

Tool callrun_shell_commandTest cache loading speed Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python /task/current_model/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --prepare-only",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Test cache loading speed"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: usage: train_current_model.py [-h] [--stage {validation,submission}] --output
                              OUTPUT --public-dir PUBLIC_DIR
                              [--prepared-cache PREPARED_CACHE]
                              [--device {cpu,mps}] [--threads THREADS]
                              [--bptt-steps BPTT_STEPS]
                              [--user-batch-size USER_BATCH_SIZE]
                              [--epochs EPOCHS]
                              [--learning-rate LEARNING_RATE]
                              [--loss-microbatch-size LOSS_MICROBATCH_SIZE]
                              [--negative-filter-scope {full-training-history,last-100}]
                              [--target-weighting {discovery-graded,organic-strong,uniform}]
                              [--ordinary-target-weight ORDINARY_TARGET_WEIGHT]
                              [--organic-strong-target-weight ORGANIC_STRONG_TARGET_WEIGHT]
                              [--organic-like-target-weight ORGANIC_LIKE_TARGET_WEIGHT]
                              [--discovery-horizon-days DISCOVERY_HORIZON_DAYS]
                              [--validation-fraction VALIDATION_FRACTION]
                              [--max-train-targets-per-user MAX_TRAIN_TARGETS_PER_USER]
                              [--max-validation-targets-per-user MAX_VALIDATION_TARGETS_PER_USER]
                              [--early-stopping-patience EARLY_STOPPING_PATIENCE]
                              [--early-stopping-min-delta EARLY_STOPPING_MIN_DELTA]
                              [--checkpoint-dir CHECKPOINT_DIR]
                              [--resume-checkpoint RESUME_CHECKPOINT]
                              [--seed SEED]
                              [--ranking-batch-size RANKING_BATCH_SIZE]
                              [--prepare-only]
train_current_model.py: error: the following arguments are required: --output
Exit Code: 2
Process Group PGID: 1683
</untrusted_context>
25

Test cache load time with prepare-only

+07:36

Model text

I will test loading the cache with --prepare-only and --output.

Tool callrun_shell_commandTest cache load time with prepare-only Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python /task/current_model/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --output /app/solution/dummy.parquet \\\n  --prepare-only",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Test cache load time with prepare-only"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
{
  "stage": "validation",
  "sequence_users": 9135,
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "target_users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 0.491,
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "organic-strong",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 1694
</untrusted_context>
26

grep_search train_current_model.py

+07:51
Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Analyzing Prompt Parameters

I'm currently dissecting the prompt's nuances and constraints. My recent focus has been on understanding the core requirements for the music recommendation system, particularly within the "Made for You" shelf context.

Recorded reasoning summary 51 words

Investigating Retrieval Gaps

I'm digging into the current two-tower model, specifically its offline retrieval quality which is falling short for the upcoming launch. I'm using the provided implementation and validation data to pinpoint the issues and then will focus on improving its training objective to ship a more effective ranking artifact.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Refining Negative Sampling

I'm now zeroing in on the training objective's handling of negative examples. My current task is to pinpoint shortcomings in the existing negative-sampling strategy and devise improvements that fit within the CPU budget, aiming to enhance offline retrieval quality.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Validating Offline Improvements

I'm now focusing on validating recent negative sampling and loss function adjustments via the public backtest. My priority is to confirm these changes perform effectively within the existing CPU constraints, while respecting all data and serving boundaries.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Improving Negative Sampling Strategy

I'm currently refining the negative sampling logic. My recent focus has been on how to efficiently draw mixed negatives while excluding known positives from the training set, aiming to boost the overall retrieval effectiveness.

Recorded reasoning summary 37 words

Enhancing Negative Sampling

I'm currently refining the negative sampling logic. My recent focus has been on how to efficiently draw mixed negatives while excluding known positives from the training set, aiming to boost the overall retrieval effectiveness.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Refining Negative Sampling Logic

I'm currently refining the negative sampling logic. My recent focus has been on how to efficiently draw mixed negatives while excluding known positives from the training set, aiming to boost the overall retrieval effectiveness.

Tool callgrep_search/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "pattern": "dislike",
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response

Found 40 matches for pattern "dislike" in the workspace directory:
---
File: solution/train_current_model.py
L110:     disliked_states: np.ndarray
L114:     inference_disliked_items: np.ndarray
L176:     active_dislikes: dict[int, int],
L179:     disliked_states: list[np.ndarray],
L183:     disliked_states.append(
L184:         base.pack_active_items(active_dislikes, base.DISLIKE_ITEMS, n_items)
L186:     state_counts.append((len(active_likes), len(active_dislikes)))
L252:     disliked_states: list[np.ndarray],
L279:     active_dislikes: dict[int, int] = {}
L293:                 else active_dislikes
L304:                 active_dislikes,
L307:                 disliked_states,
L320:     dislike_count: int,
L337:     result[5] = np.log1p(dislike_count) / 4.0
L369:     inference_likes, inference_dislikes, like_counts, dislike_counts = (
L383:     disliked_states = [
L384:         np.full(base.DISLIKE_ITEMS, n_items, dtype=np.uint16)
L405:             disliked_states,
L427:                 int(dislike_counts[inference_row]),
L440:             np.log1p(dislike_counts[missing]) / 4.0
L455:         disliked_states=np.stack(disliked_states),
L459:         inference_disliked_items=inference_dislikes,
L784:     disliked_items = torch.from_numpy(
L785:         prepared.disliked_states[unique_states].astype(np.int64)
L788:     disliked_vectors = model._mean_context_channel(disliked_items)
L793:         disliked_vectors[inverse_rows],
L802:     disliked_vectors: torch.Tensor,
L807:             [sequence_vectors, liked_vectors, disliked_vectors, user_features],
L1147:         liked_vectors, disliked_vectors, _ = pool_explicit_states(
L1159:             disliked_vectors,
L1844:         disliked_items = torch.from_numpy(
L1845:             prepared.inference_disliked_items[output_rows].astype(np.int64)
L1851:             model._mean_context_channel(disliked_items),
---
File: solution/two_tower_model.py
L22: DISLIKE_ITEMS = 24
L184:         ("dislikes", 1, 1, 0),
L185:         ("undislikes", 1, 0, 1),
L265:     disliked = np.full((len(uids), DISLIKE_ITEMS), n_items, dtype=np.uint16)
L267:     dislike_counts = np.zeros(len(uids), dtype=np.int32)
L270:         ("disliked", DISLIKE_ITEMS, disliked, dislike_counts),
L281:     return liked, disliked, like_counts, dislike_counts
---
27

Inspect shape and user/item counts across event parquet files

+08:14
Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Refining Input Data

I'm re-evaluating the training data. Currently, dislikes are exclusively an input feature for the user tower. I need to consider if other data points, like low-completion listens, should also be incorporated as negative examples to enhance model training.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Investigating Negative Examples

I'm digging into how the training objective currently selects and utilizes negative examples. My initial hypothesis is that the strategy is limited. I need to pinpoint these limitations and devise improvements within the CPU constraints, with validation via the public backtest.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Exploring Negative Sampling Strategies

I'm examining the specific mechanisms for negative sampling, including retrieval, weighted cross-entropy, and the number of unique in-batch negatives. I'm particularly focused on how draw_full_history_filtered_negatives selects and corrects these in-batch negatives to ensure optimal training data.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Clarifying Positive Item Definition

I'm tracing the data flow, specifically examining the positive_items tensor within run_training_epoch. I need to understand its exact composition and how it relates to user batch size and timesteps to fully grasp the draw_training_negatives function's input.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Analyzing Negative Sampling Efficiency

I'm observing that draw_full_history_filtered_negatives is invoked for each target within a large block, leading to substantial tensor operations. This is impacting performance, so I'm investigating how unique targets are identified and processed to optimize the generation of in-batch negatives.

Recorded reasoning summary 36 words

Revising Loss Calculation

I'm reviewing the loss calculations and noticed something interesting. The positive loss is essentially -log(sigmoid(positive_logits)). I'm now analyzing the corrected_negative_loss function to understand its components and how they differ from a standard approach.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Re-evaluating Loss Logic

I'm reassessing how positive and negative losses are currently combined within the training objective. The current formulation seems to average them, which might not be optimal. I'm investigating the implications of this averaging and considering alternatives that could yield better performance.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Analyzing Loss Averaging

I'm realizing the current loss calculation averages the positive loss with the mean of 32 negatives. This means the model optimizes for a single positive against the average negative score, not necessarily the hardest negatives. This might explain why some slightly negative scores aren't strongly penalized.

Recorded reasoning summary 27 words

Investigating Selection Logic

I'm re-examining the selection and usage of negative examples within the training objective. My focus is on pinpointing limitations in the current negative-sampling strategy.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Examining Selection and Usage

I'm now meticulously tracing how negative examples are selected, looking at uniform_negatives and inbatch_negatives. My next step is to thoroughly investigate the invalid_full_history_negatives function to understand its role in filtering and to diagnose current limitations in my negative sampling strategy.

Recorded reasoning summary 46 words

Refining Negative Selection

I'm delving into the specifics of invalid_full_history_negatives. I've discovered that it's designed to catch duplicates across positives and negatives within a batch, but also handles self-duplication among negatives. I need to ensure this filtering is robust and doesn't inadvertently exclude useful hard negatives.

Model text

I will inspect the distributions and sizes of dislikes, listens, and candidate data.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect shape and user/item counts across event parquet files Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Inspect shape and user/item counts across event parquet files",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nfor name in ['train_listens', 'train_likes', 'train_dislikes', 'val_listens', 'val_likes', 'val_dislikes']:\n    df = pd.read_parquet(f'/task/data/{name}.parquet')\n    print(f'{name}: shape={df.shape}, uids={df.uid.nunique()}, items={df.item_id.nunique()}')\n\""
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: train_listens: shape=(43484159, 6), uids=9238, items=845395
train_likes: shape=(814831, 4), uids=8144, items=172303
train_dislikes: shape=(101075, 4), uids=5732, items=50876
val_listens: shape=(1501697, 6), uids=8196, items=191747
val_likes: shape=(37795, 4), uids=4114, items=22902
val_dislikes: shape=(3563, 4), uids=955, items=3135
Process Group PGID: 1714
</untrusted_context>
28

Inspect candidate catalog and eligibility data structure

+08:19

Model text

I will inspect candidate_catalog.parquet and eligibility candidates.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect candidate catalog and eligibility data structure Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Inspect candidate catalog and eligibility data structure",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nprint('catalog:', catalog.shape)\nprint(catalog.head())\n\nelig = np.load('/task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz')\nprint('elig keys:', elig.files)\nprint('uids:', len(elig['uids']), 'item_ids:', len(elig['item_ids']), 'packed:', elig['packed_eligible'].shape)\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: catalog: (30000, 4)
   item_id  positive_listens  organic_positive_listens  popularity_rank
0  5862961             26615                     20620                1
1  6901374             25536                     17347                2
2  5635052             24691                     17194                3
3  3542184             24075                     17699                4
4  9378983             24036                     18195                5
elig keys: ['uids', 'item_ids', 'packed_eligible']
uids: 8456 item_ids: 30000 packed: (8456, 3750)
Process Group PGID: 1734
</untrusted_context>
29

Check mean/min/max eligible candidate count per user

+08:24

Model text

I will check how many items are eligible per user.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck mean/min/max eligible candidate count per user Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport numpy as np\nelig = np.load('/task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz')\nunpacked = np.unpackbits(elig['packed_eligible'], axis=1, count=30000, bitorder='little')\nprint('eligible per user mean:', unpacked.sum(axis=1).mean(), 'min:', unpacked.sum(axis=1).min(), 'max:', unpacked.sum(axis=1).max())\n\"",
  "description": "Check mean/min/max eligible candidate count per user",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: eligible per user mean: 29067.306291390727 min: 24657 max: 30000
Process Group PGID: 1751
</untrusted_context>
30

Inspect validation ground truth statistics

+08:29
Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Refining candidate eligibility

I'm currently focusing on the eligibility criteria for candidates, observing that a substantial majority, approximately 29,067 out of 30,000, qualify for each user. My next step involves re-examining the evaluation metric to ensure a precise understanding of "relevance" within the specified organic behavior windows.

Model text

I will inspect the validation truth statistics: number of users, number of relevant items, grade distribution.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect validation ground truth statistics Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Inspect validation ground truth statistics",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nfrom ranking_evaluation import CandidateSet\nfrom evaluate_public import validation_truth\n\ntargets = set(pd.read_parquet('/task/data/target_users.parquet').uid.astype(int))\neligibility = CandidateSet('/task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz')\ntruth = validation_truth(eligibility, targets)\n\nprint('Users with truth:', len(truth))\ntotal_grade1 = sum(sum(1 for g in items.values() if g == 1) for items in truth.values())\ntotal_grade3 = sum(sum(1 for g in items.values() if g == 3) for items in truth.values())\nprint(f'Total grade 1: {total_grade1}, Total grade 3: {total_grade3}')\nuser_items_count = [len(items) for items in truth.values()]\nprint(f'Items per user: mean={np.mean(user_items_count):.2f}, median={np.median(user_items_count)}, max={max(user_items_count)}')\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 9, in <module>
  File "/app/solution/evaluate_public.py", line 69, in validation_truth
    listens = pd.read_parquet(DATA / "val_listens.parquet")
              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/opt/task-venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/io/parquet.py", line 669, in read_parquet
    return impl.read(
           ^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/opt/task-venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/io/parquet.py", line 258, in read
    path_or_handle, handles, filesystem = _get_path_or_handle(
                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/opt/task-venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/io/parquet.py", line 141, in _get_path_or_handle
    handles = get_handle(
              ^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/opt/task-venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/io/common.py", line 882, in get_handle
    handle = open(handle, ioargs.mode)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/app/solution/data/val_listens.parquet'
Exit Code: 1
Process Group PGID: 1761
</untrusted_context>
31

Symlink /task/data to /app/solution/data

+08:37

Model text

I will create a symlink /app/solution/data -> /task/data so relative data paths in /app/solution work seamlessly.

Tool callrun_shell_commandSymlink /task/data to /app/solution/data Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Symlink /task/data to /app/solution/data",
  "command": "ln -s /task/data /app/solution/data",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: (empty)
Process Group PGID: 1777
</untrusted_context>
32

Inspect validation ground truth statistics

+08:42

Model text

I will run the truth inspection script again.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect validation ground truth statistics Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nfrom ranking_evaluation import CandidateSet\nfrom evaluate_public import validation_truth\n\ntargets = set(pd.read_parquet('/task/data/target_users.parquet').uid.astype(int))\neligibility = CandidateSet('/task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz')\ntruth = validation_truth(eligibility, targets)\n\nprint('Users with truth:', len(truth))\ntotal_grade1 = sum(sum(1 for g in items.values() if g == 1) for items in truth.values())\ntotal_grade3 = sum(sum(1 for g in items.values() if g == 3) for items in truth.values())\nprint(f'Total grade 1: {total_grade1}, Total grade 3: {total_grade3}')\nuser_items_count = [len(items) for items in truth.values()]\nprint(f'Items per user: mean={np.mean(user_items_count):.2f}, median={np.median(user_items_count)}, max={max(user_items_count)}')\n\"",
  "description": "Inspect validation ground truth statistics",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Users with truth: 4263
Total grade 1: 33352, Total grade 3: 4417
Items per user: mean=8.86, median=4.0, max=442
Process Group PGID: 1780
</untrusted_context>
33

Analyze predicted items popularity distribution

+08:47

Model text

I will inspect the predictions of the baseline ranking compared to the validation truth.

Tool callrun_shell_commandAnalyze predicted items popularity distribution Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\npred = pd.read_parquet('/app/solution/production_validation.parquet')\nprint('pred shape:', pred.shape)\nprint('pred head:')\nprint(pred.head(10))\n\n# Popularity distribution in top-10\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\n\npred['pop_rank'] = pred.item_id.map(item_pop)\ntop10 = pred[pred.rank <= 10]\nprint('Top 10 predicted popularity ranks:')\nprint(top10['pop_rank'].describe())\n\ntop100 = pred\nprint('Top 100 predicted popularity ranks:')\nprint(top100['pop_rank'].describe())\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Analyze predicted items popularity distribution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 15, in <module>
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'method' and 'int'
pred shape: (845600, 3)
pred head:
   uid  item_id  rank
0  100  6511826     1
1  100  3972057     2
2  100  2736766     3
3  100  4948220     4
4  100  5488609     5
5  100  7958357     6
6  100  8460142     7
7  100  8250570     8
8  100  5570016     9
9  100  7510702    10
Exit Code: 1
Process Group PGID: 1800
</untrusted_context>
34

Check popularity of top predictions

+08:52

Model text

I will inspect the popularity distribution of predictions using bracket indexing for rank.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck popularity of top predictions Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Check popularity of top predictions",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\npred = pd.read_parquet('/app/solution/production_validation.parquet')\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\n\npred['pop_rank'] = pred['item_id'].map(item_pop)\ntop10 = pred[pred['rank'] <= 10]\nprint('Top 10 predicted popularity ranks:')\nprint(top10['pop_rank'].describe())\n\nprint('Top 100 predicted popularity ranks:')\nprint(pred['pop_rank'].describe())\n\""
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Top 10 predicted popularity ranks:
count    84560.000000
mean      2597.053903
std       5715.185504
min          1.000000
25%         14.000000
50%        111.000000
75%       2124.000000
max      29868.000000
Name: pop_rank, dtype: float64
Top 100 predicted popularity ranks:
count    845600.000000
mean       2991.800246
std        5853.839823
min           1.000000
25%         102.000000
50%         413.000000
75%        2627.000000
max       29992.000000
Name: pop_rank, dtype: float64
Process Group PGID: 1819
</untrusted_context>
35

Check popularity distribution of true validation items

+09:00

Model text

I will inspect the popularity distribution of the actual validation relevant items.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck popularity distribution of true validation items Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Check popularity distribution of true validation items",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nfrom ranking_evaluation import CandidateSet\nfrom evaluate_public import validation_truth\n\ntargets = set(pd.read_parquet('/task/data/target_users.parquet').uid.astype(int))\neligibility = CandidateSet('/task/data/validation_eligible_candidates.npz')\ntruth = validation_truth(eligibility, targets)\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\n\nall_items = []\nfor items in truth.values():\n    all_items.extend(items.keys())\n\ns = pd.Series([item_pop[i] for i in all_items])\nprint('True validation items popularity ranks:')\nprint(s.describe())\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: True validation items popularity ranks:
count    37769.000000
mean      8463.087744
std       8117.953262
min          1.000000
25%       1733.000000
50%       5622.000000
75%      13374.000000
max      30000.000000
dtype: float64
Process Group PGID: 1837
</untrusted_context>
36

Inspect listen completion ratio distribution

+09:52
Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Analyzing Model Performance

I'm reviewing the latest metrics, specifically comparing true validation item ranks against those predicted by the current model. The median rank for predicted top 10 items is significantly lower than the true validation median, which is a promising sign of improved predictive accuracy in identifying popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 55 words

Investigating Training Objective

My latest analysis reveals a concerning trend: the model excels at predicting super popular items, but these aren't aligning with organic user discovery. This suggests my negative sampling strategy might be contributing to a popularity bias, which is counter to our Music Discovery objective of helping users find new, organically engaging tracks.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Reviewing Sampling Strategy

I'm digging into the negative sampling code. It seems uniform_negatives are set to 24 and inbatch_negatives to 8, with correction factors applied. My focus is now on the build_item_correction function to understand how these in-batch negatives are actually weighted.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Exploring Correction Logic

I'm examining how the calculated in-batch correction factors are applied. Specifically, I'm tracing their integration within draw_full_history_filtered_negatives to understand their direct impact on the sampling process and its potential influence on the observed popularity bias.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Adjusting Loss Calculation

I'm now focusing on how the corrected_negative_loss function utilizes the correction tensor. It appears the raw softplus values are being averaged across uniform negatives, and I'm investigating how the in-batch negatives are then incorporated using this correction.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Refining Loss Weighting

I've identified a crucial detail: the weights in corrected_negative_loss are inversely proportional to item probability. This means popular items get a small weight, reducing their loss contribution when they're sampled as negatives. I need to re-evaluate this logic.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Correcting Popularity Bias

I'm re-evaluating the loss calculation, specifically how item frequencies influence negative sampling. It appears popular items, sampled more often as negatives, should have their logits adjusted by subtracting their log probability to mitigate bias, a detail I'd overlooked.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Questioning Baseline Approach

I'm questioning the baseline's methodology, particularly their use of Binary Cross-Entropy with a specific correction factor. It seems their approach of weighting in-batch negative loss by the inverse square root of item probability effectively attempts to equalize negative sampling distributions, inadvertently downplaying penalties for popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Revising Negative Sampling

I'm re-examining how negative examples are chosen and utilized within the training objective. My recent findings indicate the top recommendations are heavily skewed towards the most popular items, suggesting a critical need to diagnose and improve the current negative-sampling strategy to address this popularity bias.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Revising Selection Logic

I'm scrutinizing how negative examples are identified and incorporated. The current process, which samples a limited number of in-batch and uniform negatives per target token, seems computationally inefficient and potentially flawed. I'm investigating the exact mechanics within draw_full_history_filtered_negatives to pinpoint where improvements can be made.

Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Revising Batching Strategy

I'm realizing that standard two-tower architectures leverage the entire query-item dot product matrix as in-batch negatives. This implicitly provides $B-1$ negatives per query from a batch of size $B$, a much richer set than my current explicit sampling. I need to integrate this insight.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Investigating Loss Function

I'm exploring the loss function, considering options like InfoNCE, sampled softmax, BPR, or margin ranking. The current model utilizes sample-weighted binary cross-entropy with a specific configuration of uniform and in-batch negatives. My next step is to determine how this combination impacts the observed popularity bias.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Revising Loss Contribution

I'm recalibrating how popular items contribute to the loss. It appears the inverse probability weighting for negatives needs adjustment; currently, highly frequent items receive minimal penalty, exacerbating the popularity bias. I need to ensure they are penalized appropriately when sampled.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Analyzing Negative Sampling

I'm continuing to investigate the negative sampling process, focusing on the interplay between uniform and in-batch negatives. My current hypothesis is that the ratio and weighting of these are directly contributing to the observed popularity bias, and I'm exploring how to adjust them for better representation.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Exploring Negative Sampling Options

I'm considering increasing the number of in-batch negatives or experimenting with popularity-sampled or hard negatives. I also discovered that disliked items are not currently used as negatives, which presents a new avenue for improving the sampling strategy.

Model text

I will check the distribution of played_ratio_pct in train_listens.parquet.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect listen completion ratio distribution Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Inspect listen completion ratio distribution",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\ndf = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/train_listens.parquet', columns=['played_ratio_pct', 'is_organic'])\nprint('Total listens:', len(df))\nprint('played_ratio_pct < 50%:', (df.played_ratio_pct < 50).sum(), f'({(df.played_ratio_pct < 50).mean():.1%})')\nprint('played_ratio_pct < 20% (skipped):', (df.played_ratio_pct < 20).sum(), f'({(df.played_ratio_pct < 20).mean():.1%})')\nprint('played_ratio_pct >= 50%:', (df.played_ratio_pct >= 50).sum(), f'({(df.played_ratio_pct >= 50).mean():.1%})')\nprint('played_ratio_pct >= 80% (strong):', (df.played_ratio_pct >= 80).sum(), f'({(df.played_ratio_pct >= 80).mean():.1%})')\n\""
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Total listens: 43484159
played_ratio_pct < 50%: 15983404 (36.8%)
played_ratio_pct < 20% (skipped): 13293566 (30.6%)
played_ratio_pct >= 50%: 27500755 (63.2%)
played_ratio_pct >= 80% (strong): 25755197 (59.2%)
Process Group PGID: 1857
</untrusted_context>
37

Check target item frequencies in recent training targets

+10:37
Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Analyzing Listen Completion

My thoughts are currently focused on understanding the significant number of listens that are not being completed, with a substantial portion falling below 50% and even 20% completion. I'm now reviewing the current pipeline, specifically within two_tower_model.py, to see how these listen events are being processed.

Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Investigating Negative Selection

I've discovered that listens with less than 50% completion are completely excluded by the data loader. I need to verify if this filtering impacts the selection of negative examples, as the prompt specifically directs attention to how negative examples are chosen and utilized within the training objective.

Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Refining Negative Sampling

I'm now examining the Config parameters related to negative sampling and target weighting. My focus is on understanding how listens below 50% completion are handled and how this might influence the selection and weighting of negative examples. I'm comparing the Config defaults with available argument parser options.

Recorded reasoning summary 35 words

Exploring Target Weighting

I'm currently examining the target-weighting configuration. It appears the default setting is organic-strong, not discovery-graded as I initially suspected. This distinction is crucial as the prompt emphasizes negative example selection and utilization.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Examining Negative Draw Logic

I'm now delving into draw_full_history_filtered_negatives and corrected_negative_loss. My focus is on precisely how in-batch negatives are sourced and integrated into the training objective. I'm closely reviewing specific code sections within train_current_model.py for these functions.

Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Analyzing Negative Sampling Logic

I'm now scrutinizing the uniform and inbatch negative sampling code. My current focus is on how unique targets are determined and how corrected_count is calculated. I'm also examining the logic for filling remaining in-batch negatives when corrected_count is less than the requested amount.

Recorded reasoning summary 39 words

Reviewing Negative Sample Generation

I'm now focused on how corrected_count influences the filling of in-batch negatives and the subsequent generation of replacements when invalid negatives are detected. My analysis traces the logic through invalid_full_history_negatives to ensure accurate sample creation.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Confirming Uniform Negative Sampling

I've confirmed that unique_targets are sampled uniformly at random for in-batch negatives. This means every unique target within the batch has an equal probability of being selected as a negative example, regardless of its specific characteristics.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Adjusting Negative Sample Selection

I'm now investigating how priorities = torch.rand((batch_size, len(unique_targets))) samples from unique_targets. It seems popular and unpopular items are chosen with equal probability. This is a crucial observation regarding the current uniform negative sampling strategy.

Recorded reasoning summary 62 words

Adjusting Negative Sample Selection

I've determined that unique_targets are sampled uniformly for in-batch negatives, meaning popular and unpopular items have an equal chance of selection. This uniform sampling, combined with the inverse propensity weighting item_correction which downweights popular items by a factor of $(1 / p_i)^{0.5}$, means popular items are sampled less often in the loss and receive a significantly lower weight.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Refining Negative Sampling Strategy

I've found that the current strategy uniformly samples unique targets for in-batch negatives. This, combined with inverse propensity weighting, results in popular items being sampled less often and receiving lower loss weights, effectively making them less penalized. This needs adjustment to properly penalize popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Adjusting Negative Sampling Strategy

I've found that the current strategy uniformly samples unique targets for in-batch negatives. This, combined with inverse propensity weighting, results in popular items being sampled less often and receiving lower loss weights, effectively making them less penalized. This needs adjustment to properly penalize popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 55 words

Revising Negative Sampling

I'm now considering sampling in-batch negatives directly from targets with replacement. This approach would naturally reflect item popularity within the batch, aligning with the core principle of in-batch negative sampling, which is to draw negatives based on their empirical popularity. This contrasts with my previous focus on uniform sampling of unique targets.

Recorded reasoning summary 51 words

Sampling Negatives Differently

I'm now exploring sampling in-batch negatives directly from the targets tensor with replacement. This method would inherently capture item popularity within the batch, directly aligning with the core intent of in-batch negative sampling. This is a significant shift from my earlier focus on uniform sampling of unique targets.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Adjusting Negative Sampling Implementation

I'm now refining the implementation for calculating the loss contribution from uniform and in-batch negatives. My focus is on correctly applying the weights and ensuring the averaging across the sampled negatives is accurate, particularly for the in-batch component.

Recorded reasoning summary 51 words

Revising Loss Calculation

I'm now re-evaluating how the loss is structured. My current thoughts are on whether BCE is truly the optimal choice for retrieval tasks, considering alternatives like InfoNCE, Softmax, BPR, Margin, or Listwise ranking losses, and specifically checking if the prompt mandates BCE or allows for other loss functions.

Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Revising Loss Function Choice

I'm now questioning whether Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE) is the best fit for retrieval tasks, considering alternatives like InfoNCE, Softmax, BPR, Margin, or Listwise ranking losses. My primary focus is on ensuring the chosen loss aligns with the prompt's implicit requirements and effectively handles negative example utilization.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Refining Negative Sampling Strategy

I've found that the current strategy uniformly samples unique targets for in-batch negatives. This, combined with inverse propensity weighting, results in popular items being sampled less often and receiving lower loss weights, effectively making them less penalized. This needs adjustment to properly penalize popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 46 words

Testing Loss Hypotheses

I'm now experimentally verifying the impact of the inverse propensity weighting on popular and rare items within the BCE loss function. My focus is on empirically demonstrating how this weighting influences the penalty applied to different item popularity levels and assessing training duration.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Testing Loss Impact

I am now empirically evaluating how the inverse propensity weighting within the BCE loss affects popular versus rare items. My goal is to demonstrate the weighting's influence on penalties for different item popularity levels and observe any impact on training duration.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Analyzing Unique Target Sampling

I'm now scrutinizing the sampling of unique_targets within draw_full_history_filtered_negatives. My focus is on understanding why unique targets are used instead of sampling directly from the targets tensor, particularly how this impacts the representation of item popularity in negative sampling.

Model text

I will inspect the frequency distribution of targets in training batches.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck target item frequencies in recent training targets Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport numpy as np\n\ncache = np.load('/app/solution/cache_val.npz')\nitems = cache['sequence_items']\noffsets = cache['offsets']\n# check items distribution in the recent window\nrecent_items = []\nfor i in range(len(offsets)-1):\n    start = offsets[i]\n    end = offsets[i+1]\n    if end - start > 1:\n        # last 128 targets\n        t_start = max(start, end - 128)\n        recent_items.append(items[t_start:end])\n\nall_recent = np.concatenate(recent_items)\nprint('Total recent targets:', len(all_recent))\nunique, counts = np.unique(all_recent, return_counts=True)\nprint('Unique items in recent targets:', len(unique), 'out of 30,000')\nprint('Counts summary: min=', counts.min(), 'median=', np.median(counts), 'mean=', counts.mean(), 'max=', counts.max())\nprint('Top 10 item frequencies:', np.sort(counts)[-10:])\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Check target item frequencies in recent training targets"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Total recent targets: 1060695
Unique items in recent targets: 29757 out of 30,000
Counts summary: min= 1 median= 18.0 mean= 35.645226333299725 max= 2967
Top 10 item frequencies: [1273 1292 1327 1515 1585 1630 1631 1750 1974 2967]
Process Group PGID: 1878
</untrusted_context>
38

Inspect train_dislikes sample data

+10:44
Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Analyzing Target Frequencies

I'm currently delving into the striking disparity in target frequencies, observing that top items appear an astonishing ~3,000 times versus a mere 18 for the median. My focus is now shifting to investigate the impact of invalid_full_history_negatives and invalid_negative_mask, and specifically how negative_filter_scope influences training with train_current_model.

Recorded reasoning summary 36 words

Investigating Invalid Negatives

I'm now dissecting how invalid_full_history_negatives and invalid_negative_mask affect training. My current focus is on understanding the implications of a full-training-history scope and the logic within the train_current_model.py script that handles invalid negative replacements.

Model text

I will inspect sample rows of train_dislikes.parquet.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect train_dislikes sample data Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\ndf = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/train_dislikes.parquet')\nprint(df.head(10))\nprint(df.info())\n\"",
  "description": "Inspect train_dislikes sample data"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: uid  timestamp  item_id  is_organic
0  100    3087560  9170134           1
1  100    3936560  8661238           1
2  100   20432825  4927727           1
3  400    2980800   399811           1
4  400    3157520  1575108           1
5  400    3417600  9229946           1
6  400    4968885  6593949           1
7  400    4968905  9198404           1
8  400    5519800   999732           1
9  400    5754475  1254798           1
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 101075 entries, 0 to 101074
Data columns (total 4 columns):
 #   Column      Non-Null Count   Dtype 
---  ------      --------------   ----- 
 0   uid         101075 non-null  uint32
 1   timestamp   101075 non-null  uint32
 2   item_id     101075 non-null  uint32
 3   is_organic  101075 non-null  uint8 
dtypes: uint32(3), uint8(1)
memory usage: 1.3 MB
None
Process Group PGID: 1888
</untrusted_context>
39

grep_search train_current_model.py

+11:13
Recorded reasoning summary 35 words

Considering Discovery Objective

I'm currently re-evaluating the discovery objective, focusing intently on the definition of "relevance" as it pertains to organic behavior within the specified cutoff. This detailed review is crucial for accurately ranking candidates.

Recorded reasoning summary 62 words

Refining Ranking Metrics

I'm now zeroing in on the specifics of the organic objective, particularly how "relevance" is defined for track engagement within the defined window. This means I'm scrutinizing the grading system, from grade 3 for user liking down to grade 0 for mere listening, to ensure our ranking metrics accurately reflect genuine user interest and lead to strong NDCG@10 scores.

Recorded reasoning summary 46 words

Revising Exclusion Logic

I've realized a significant implication: candidates for validation cannot include any track a user encountered during training. This drastically redefines the scope of organic discovery and necessitates a careful re-evaluation of how I'm selecting and filtering validation candidates to ensure accurate performance measurement.

Recorded reasoning summary 32 words

Analyzing Loss Calculation

I am now scrutinizing the loss calculation, specifically how positives and negatives are scored. I'm examining score_target_microbatches and corrected_negative_loss in train_current_model.py to understand their interplay with positive_logits and negative_logits.

Recorded reasoning summary 45 words

Investigating Loss Functions

I'm currently diving into the loss calculation, specifically the interplay between positive and negative logits. I'm questioning whether the current implementation aligns with standard Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE) by examining how softplus is applied to these logits and the subsequent aggregation of losses.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Adjusting Loss Weights

I'm re-examining the loss function's gradient calculations. Specifically, I'm investigating how averaging negative samples, rather than summing them, disproportionately reduces the influence of negative items, leading to a 1:32 gradient ratio. This imbalance requires adjustment to ensure effective learning.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Evaluating Loss Functions

I am now deeply analyzing the proposed InfoNCE loss function and its implications. The core idea is to optimize ranking directly by leveraging the ratio of the positive item's score against the sum of scores from sampled negatives. This contrasts sharply with the current binary approach.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Analyzing Loss Implementations

I'm currently comparing different loss functions, specifically InfoNCE, BPR, and Binary Cross-Entropy. My focus is on how each handles the relationship between positive and negative item scores and their implications for gradient updates, particularly regarding the proposed "propensity-corrected unique in-batch negatives."

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Reviewing Negative Sampling

I am now re-examining the training objective's selection and utilization of negative examples. My focus is on identifying limitations within the current negative-sampling strategy, considering the implications of "sample-weighted binary cross entropy" alongside the specifics of propensity-corrected unique in-batch negatives.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Investigating Negative Sampling

I'm now deeply scrutinizing the training objective's handling of negative examples. My primary concern is how the current strategy, particularly "sample-weighted binary cross entropy" and propensity-corrected unique in-batch negatives, might be misinterpreting or underutilizing popular items as negatives.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Adjusting Negative Sampling

I'm now re-evaluating how in-batch negatives are sampled. The current method, using unique_targets, gives equal probability to all unique items regardless of their frequency, which undermines the natural advantage of in-batch sampling in exposing popular items as negatives. This needs correction.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Incorporating Dislikes

I'm now considering the explicit dislikes present in the train_dislikes.parquet data. My current thought is to leverage these explicitly disliked items as hard negative examples during user training, which is a significant departure from their current use solely as input features. This could offer a powerful signal.

Recorded reasoning summary 100 words

Leveraging Dislikes Explicitly

I'm now thinking about how to best utilize the train_dislikes.parquet data. My current idea is to actively use these explicitly disliked items as hard negatives during user training, moving beyond their current role as just input features. This is a critical shift that could significantly improve user modeling.

Revisiting Loss Function Rationale

I'm now questioning the rationale behind the current loss formulation. Specifically, I'm analyzing why the existing binary cross-entropy approach averages negative losses and divides the total by two. Standard BCE typically sums negative losses, and this deviation warrants closer examination of its impact on training.

Tool callgrep_search/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "pattern": "add_argument.*inbatch",
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response

No matches found for pattern "add_argument.*inbatch" in the workspace directory.
40

update_topic command

+11:27
Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Analyzing Argument Scope

I've been delving into the argument definitions, specifically noting that the inbatch arguments are not present within add_argument. My current focus is on identifying which arguments are included in add_argument, examining lines 1920-2050 to pinpoint parameters like stage, output, public-dir, prepared-cache, device, threads, bptt-steps, and user-batch.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Identifying Config Parameters

I'm now focusing on arguments listed within the Config initialization. I've identified additional parameters like size, epochs, learning-rate, and various target-weight options, along with settings for negative-filter-scope, validation-fraction, and early-stopping-patience. I am also investigating the initialization of Config within main.

Recorded reasoning summary 37 words

Discovering Defaults

I've found that several inbatch related parameters are hardcoded defaults within Config, not CLI flags. This includes uniform_negatives, inbatch_negatives, and their correction parameters. This insight is crucial for understanding their behavior and potential for modification.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Investigating Correction Weights

I'm now examining the inverse-propensity correction logic within build_item_correction and corrected_negative_loss. My focus is on how probabilities influence weights, specifically how high probabilities lead to minimal weights, potentially scaling down negative penalties for popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Analyzing Sampling Impact

I am now analyzing the impact of sampling strategies on popular items. It appears uniform sampling of unique_targets for in-batch negatives does not penalize popular items sufficiently, unlike standard methods which inherently balance positive and negative feedback based on interaction frequency.

Recorded reasoning summary 56 words

Exploring Negative Sampling Ratios

I'm now considering how the balance between uniform and in-batch negatives might impact gradient signals. My hypothesis is that an increased proportion of in-batch negatives, or sampling from the empirical distribution, could significantly enhance discriminative power. I am also investigating how averaging 32 negatives in the loss function attenuates individual negative gradients.

Recorded reasoning summary 46 words

Refining Loss Function Interpretation

I'm now contrasting BCE loss with InfoNCE and BPR. InfoNCE and BPR directly encourage positive logits to surpass negative ones, with harder negatives yielding exponentially larger gradients, unlike BCE's independent treatment. This difference is key to understanding discriminative power and potential improvements.

Tool callupdate_topicTool call Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "title": "Experimenting with Negative Sampling Strategy",
  "strategic_intent": "Test negative sampling improvements systematically on the validation backtest.",
  "summary": "We established the baseline NDCG@10 of 0.02128 and diagnosed several critical flaws in the current negative sampling strategy: (1) inverse propensity downweighting of popular in-batch negatives by up to 16x, (2) deduplication of in-batch targets which eliminates frequency-proportional sampling, (3) heavy bias toward uniform negatives over informative in-batch negatives, and (4) average BCE loss which attenuates negative gradients. We are now entering the execution phase to implement and test improvements."
}

Tool response

Current topic: "Experimenting with Negative Sampling Strategy"
Topic summary: We established the baseline NDCG@10 of 0.02128 and diagnosed several critical flaws in the current negative sampling strategy: (1) inverse propensity downweighting of popular in-batch negatives by up to 16x, (2) deduplication of in-batch targets which eliminates frequency-proportional sampling, (3) heavy bias toward uniform negatives over informative in-batch negatives, and (4) average BCE loss which attenuates negative gradients. We are now entering the execution phase to implement and test improvements.

Strategic Intent: Test negative sampling improvements systematically on the validation backtest.
41

read_file train_current_model.py

+11:30
Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Implementing Model Training Parameters

I'm currently integrating new CLI arguments into the model training script to control negative sampling strategies and loss functions. This includes options for uniform and in-batch negatives, as well as parameters like correction power and sampling methods, and the ability to select different loss types.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 75,
  "start_line": 40,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 40-75 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 76.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Config:
    bptt_steps: int = 100
    user_batch_size: int = 64
    embedding_dim: int = 192
    hidden_dim: int = 192
    user_hidden_1: int = 512
    user_hidden_2: int = 256
    item_hidden_1: int = 512
    item_hidden_2: int = 256
    dropout: float = 0.05
    epochs: int = 1
    learning_rate: float = 1.0e-3
    weight_decay: float = 1.0e-5
    gradient_clip: float = 2.0
    loss_microbatch_size: int = 65_536
    uniform_negatives: int = 24
    inbatch_negatives: int = 8
    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5
    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25
    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0
    negative_filter_scope: str = "full-training-history"
    target_weighting: str = "organic-strong"
    ordinary_target_weight: float = 0.25
    organic_strong_target_weight: float = 1.0
    organic_like_target_weight: float = 3.0
    discovery_horizon_days: int = 7
    validation_fraction: float = 0.10
    max_train_targets_per_user: int = 128
    max_validation_targets_per_user: int = 16
    early_stopping_patience: int = 1
    early_stopping_min_delta: float = 1.0e-4
    seed: int = 29


@dataclass(frozen=True)
42

read_file train_current_model.py

+11:33
Recorded reasoning summary 24 words

Reviewing Configurations

I'm examining the Config parameters, specifically uniform_negatives, inbatch_negatives, and the associated inbatch_correction settings. I'm also cross-referencing these with line 193 for context.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1940,
  "end_line": 2040,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1940-2040 of 2165 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2041.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        type=int,
        default=Config.loss_microbatch_size,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--negative-filter-scope",
        choices=("full-training-history", "last-100"),
        default=Config.negative_filter_scope,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--target-weighting",
        choices=("discovery-graded", "organic-strong", "uniform"),
        default=Config.target_weighting,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ordinary-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.ordinary_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-strong-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_strong_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-like-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_like_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--discovery-horizon-days",
        type=int,
        default=Config.discovery_horizon_days,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation-fraction",
        type=float,
        default=Config.validation_fraction,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-train-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many recent pre-validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-validation-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many final validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-patience",
        type=int,
        default=Config.early_stopping_patience,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-min-delta",
        type=float,
        default=Config.early_stopping_min_delta,
    )
    parser.add_argument("--checkpoint-dir", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--resume-checkpoint", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=Config.seed)
    parser.add_argument("--ranking-batch-size", type=int, default=64)
    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:
        parser.error("threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive")
    if (
        args.epochs < 1
        or args.learning_rate <= 0
        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1
        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1
        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0
        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0
        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1
        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0
    ):
        parser.error("training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid")
    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:
        parser.error("validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one")
    public = args.public_dir.resolve()
    if not (public / "data" / "candidate_catalog.parquet").is_file():
        parser.error(f"public task data not found under {public}")
    config = Config(
        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,
        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,
        epochs=args.epochs,
        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,
        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,
        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,
        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,
        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,
        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,
        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,
43

replace train_current_model.py

+12:10
Recorded reasoning summary 33 words

Configuring Negative Sampling

I'm exploring command-line options to fine-tune negative sampling parameters, specifically for uniform and in-batch methods, including their counts and correction powers, alongside an option for sampling strategy ('unique' or 'frequency').

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Testing Correction Power

I've been investigating the impact of setting inbatch_correction_power to 0.0, which simplifies negative sample weighting to uniform values. I also noted that target_weighting="discovery-graded" is already supported and is quick to load training data for validation.

Recorded reasoning summary 33 words

Implementing Sampling Options

I'm adding command-line arguments for uniform and in-batch negatives, including parameters for correction power and sampling strategy ('unique' or 'frequency'). I'm also considering implementing different loss types and temperature settings.

Recorded reasoning summary 28 words

Refining In-Batch Sampling

I've realized that drawing indices directly from the full targets tensor, rather than unique_targets, automatically achieves frequency-proportional sampling for in-batch negatives. This simplifies the process.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Validating Negative Sample Logic

I'm confirming that my existing handling of invalid_full_history_negatives correctly filters out cases where sampled negatives match actual targets. I'm also scrutinizing the resampling loop to ensure replacements for invalid samples are appropriate, particularly when drawing from batch targets.

Recorded reasoning summary 95 words

Optimizing Index Generation

I've confirmed that using torch.randint for index generation for in-batch negatives is significantly faster than prior methods involving large float tensors and torch.topk. This optimization reduces the number of generated values by over 250x, making the process much more efficient.

Investigating Item Popularity Bias

I'm delving into why the model over-predicts popular items. My previous observation that a baseline model with item_correction (which downweighted popular items) resulted in a median popularity rank of 111 in the top 10 suggests an issue related to how popularity is handled or perceived by the model.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Analyzing Negative Loss

I'm questioning how sampled popular items as negatives impact their scores, potentially pushing them down and requiring stronger user affinity for recommendation. I'm now examining InfoNCE loss versus BCE, specifically how sampled softmax handles positive and negative logits with temperature.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Analyzing InfoNCE Loss

I'm struck by the elegant simplicity and effectiveness of InfoNCE. It appears to directly optimize mutual information and handles the interplay of positive and negative logits with temperature intelligently, avoiding wasted capacity when negatives are already sufficiently dissimilar.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Testing InfoNCE Evaluation

I'm confirming that my validation evaluation function correctly uses the model's loss, and I'm planning to test InfoNCE's performance on validation metrics by adjusting the number of training epochs. This should allow for quick, iterative evaluation of this promising loss function.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Exploring Model Configuration

I'm examining how the dense trainer configuration maps to the tower configuration, specifically focusing on how parameters like sequence_length, embedding and hidden dimensions, dropout, learning rate, and various negative sampling settings are passed through the model_config function.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Analyzing Model Configuration

I'm tracing how the dense trainer configuration translates to the tower configuration. Specifically, I'm reviewing how parameters like sequence_length, embedding and hidden dimensions, dropout, learning rate, and various negative sampling settings are propagated via model_config.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Analyzing Loss Options

I'm considering how different loss types like BCE, InfoNCE, and BPR, along with temperature settings and in-batch sampling strategies, will interact with the current scoring mechanism. The focus is on how these choices influence the model's learned representations and ranking performance.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Computing BCE Loss Slices

I'm now focusing on computing the exact Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE) loss within bounded-memory slices. This involves iterating through positive items, summing weights, and processing sequences and states in micro-batches to calculate loss, positive sums, negative sums, and pair correctness.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Computing BCE Loss Slices

I'm now focusing on computing the exact Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE) loss within bounded-memory slices. This involves iterating through positive items, summing weights, and processing sequences and states in micro-batches to calculate loss, positive sums, negative sums, and pair correctness.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Calculating InfoNCE Loss

I'm examining the InfoNCE loss calculation, specifically how positive and negative logits are concatenated and scaled by temperature. I'm considering the implications of omitting logQ correction for a pure InfoNCE loss and how this interacts with the BPR loss formulation.

Recorded reasoning summary 46 words

Processing Loss Options

I'm now focusing on how to correctly implement and integrate the InfoNCE and BCE loss calculations. This involves carefully handling the concatenation and scaling of logits for InfoNCE and ensuring proper slice-based computation for BCE, while also considering the implications of in-batch sampling.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Implementing In-Batch Sampling

I'm refining the in-batch negative sampling logic. My current focus is on correctly implementing frequency-proportional sampling by drawing indices directly from the batch targets tensor, which simplifies the process and avoids needing to handle unique targets separately.

Recorded reasoning summary 39 words

Refining Sampling Logic

I'm re-examining the indices used for frequency-based in-batch sampling. My current focus is on understanding precisely what these indices represent and how they are generated before they are used to select negative samples from the unique_targets.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Validating Negative Sample Logic

I've confirmed that my existing filtering correctly prevents sampled negatives from matching actual targets, with subsequent resampling in place. I'm now preparing to test the impact of BCE loss with frequency-based in-batch sampling and zero correction power, comparing it to the current baseline score.

Tool callreplace/app/solution/train_current_model.py Error

Tool call · Input

{
  "allow_multiple": false,
  "instruction": "Add loss_type, temperature, and inbatch_sampling fields to Config dataclass",
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "old_string": "    uniform_negatives: int = 24\n    inbatch_negatives: int = 8\n    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5\n    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25\n    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0\n    negative_filter_scope: str = \"full-training-history\"",
  "new_string": "    uniform_negatives: int = 24\n    inbatch_negatives: int = 8\n    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5\n    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25\n    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0\n    inbatch_sampling: str = \"unique\"\n    loss_type: str = \"bce\"\n    temperature: float = 0.07\n    negative_filter_scope: str = \"full-training-history\""
}

Tool response · Tool error

EACCES: permission denied, open '/app/solution/train_current_model.py'
44

Add write permissions to copied files in /app/solution

+12:14

Model text

I will grant write permissions to the files in /app/solution.

Tool callrun_shell_commandAdd write permissions to copied files in /app/solution Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Add write permissions to copied files in /app/solution",
  "command": "chmod -R u+w /app/solution",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: (empty)
Process Group PGID: 1907
</untrusted_context>
45

replace train_current_model.py

+12:21
Tool callreplace/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "old_string": "    uniform_negatives: int = 24\n    inbatch_negatives: int = 8\n    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5\n    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25\n    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0\n    negative_filter_scope: str = \"full-training-history\"",
  "new_string": "    uniform_negatives: int = 24\n    inbatch_negatives: int = 8\n    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5\n    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25\n    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0\n    inbatch_sampling: str = \"unique\"\n    loss_type: str = \"bce\"\n    temperature: float = 0.07\n    negative_filter_scope: str = \"full-training-history\"",
  "allow_multiple": false,
  "instruction": "Add loss_type, temperature, and inbatch_sampling fields to Config dataclass"
}

Tool response

Successfully modified file: /app/solution/train_current_model.py (1 replacements). Here is the updated code:
...
    uniform_negatives: int = 24
    inbatch_negatives: int = 8
    inbatch_correction_power: float = 0.5
    inbatch_correction_min: float = 0.25
    inbatch_correction_max: float = 4.0
    inbatch_sampling: str = "unique"
    loss_type: str = "bce"
    temperature: float = 0.07
    negative_filter_scope: str = "full-training-history"
    target_weighting: str = "organic-strong"
    ordinary_target_weight: float = 0.25
    organic_strong_target_weight: float = 1.0
    organic_like_target_weight: float = 3.0
...
46

read_file train_current_model.py

+12:24

Model text

I updated Config in /app/solution/train_current_model.py to add inbatch_sampling, loss_type, and temperature fields. Next, I will update draw_full_history_filtered_negatives, score_target_microbatches, and CLI argument parsing to support frequency-based in-batch negative sampling and InfoNCE loss.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 685,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 635
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 635-685 of 2168 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 686.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    user_rows: np.ndarray,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray,
    n_items: int,
    config: Config,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Draw mixed negatives and reject all known public-training positives."""
    targets_cpu = targets.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    liked_cpu = liked_items.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    batch_size = len(targets_cpu)
    uniform = torch.randint(
        n_items,
        (batch_size, config.uniform_negatives),
        generator=generator,
        device="cpu",
    )
    inbatch = torch.empty((batch_size, 0), dtype=torch.long)
    corrected_count = 0
    if config.inbatch_negatives:
        unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())
        corrected_count = min(
            config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)
        )
        if corrected_count:
            priorities = torch.rand(
                (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator
            )
            priorities.masked_fill_(
                unique_targets[None, :].eq(
                    torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]
                ),
                -1.0,
            )
            columns = torch.topk(
                priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1
            ).indices
            inbatch = unique_targets[columns]
        if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:
            filler = torch.randint(
                n_items,
                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),
                generator=generator,
                device="cpu",
            )
            inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)

    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()
    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)
47

replace train_current_model.py

+12:35
Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Refining Drawing Logic

I'm currently focusing on refining the draw_full_history_filtered_negatives function within train_current_model.py. My current work is addressing the specific case where config.inbatch_sampling is set to "frequency" and config.inbatch_negatives is also enabled, ensuring the filtering logic correctly handles these conditions.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Testing Sampling Approaches

My recent efforts have been dedicated to validating the implementation of sampling strategies, specifically examining how the frequency based in-batch negative sampling interacts with existing filtering mechanisms. I'm ensuring edge cases like zero unique targets are handled gracefully.

Tool callreplace/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "old_string": "    if config.inbatch_negatives:\n        unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())\n        corrected_count = min(\n            config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)\n        )\n        if corrected_count:\n            priorities = torch.rand(\n                (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator\n            )\n            priorities.masked_fill_(\n                unique_targets[None, :].eq(\n                    torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]\n                ),\n                -1.0,\n            )\n            columns = torch.topk(\n                priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1\n            ).indices\n            inbatch = unique_targets[columns]\n        if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:\n            filler = torch.randint(\n                n_items,\n                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),\n                generator=generator,\n                device=\"cpu\",\n            )\n            inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)\n\n    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()\n    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)\n    if corrected_count:\n        correction[\n            :, config.uniform_negatives : config.uniform_negatives + corrected_count\n        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]].numpy()",
  "allow_multiple": false,
  "new_string": "    if config.inbatch_negatives:\n        if config.inbatch_sampling == \"frequency\":\n            indices = torch.randint(\n                batch_size,\n                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives),\n                generator=generator,\n                device=\"cpu\",\n            )\n            inbatch = torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[indices]\n            corrected_count = config.inbatch_negatives\n        else:\n            unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())\n            corrected_count = min(\n                config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)\n            )\n            if corrected_count:\n                priorities = torch.rand(\n                    (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator\n                )\n                priorities.masked_fill_(\n                    unique_targets[None, :].eq(\n                        torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]\n                    ),\n                    -1.0,\n                )\n                columns = torch.topk(\n                    priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1\n                ).indices\n                inbatch = unique_targets[columns]\n            if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:\n                filler = torch.randint(\n                    n_items,\n                    (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),\n                    generator=generator,\n                    device=\"cpu\",\n                )\n                inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)\n\n    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()\n    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)\n    if corrected_count and config.inbatch_correction_power != 0.0:\n        correction[\n            :, config.uniform_negatives : config.uniform_negatives + corrected_count\n        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]].numpy()",
  "instruction": "Support frequency-based in-batch sampling and honor inbatch_correction_power in draw_full_history_filtered_negatives"
}

Tool response

Successfully modified file: /app/solution/train_current_model.py (1 replacements). Here is the updated code:
...
        device="cpu",
    )
    inbatch = torch.empty((batch_size, 0), dtype=torch.long)
    corrected_count = 0
    if config.inbatch_negatives:
        if config.inbatch_sampling == "frequency":
            indices = torch.randint(
                batch_size,
                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives),
                generator=generator,
                device="cpu",
            )
            inbatch = torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[indices]
            corrected_count = config.inbatch_negatives
        else:
            unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())
            corrected_count = min(
                config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)
            )
            if corrected_count:
                priorities = torch.rand(
                    (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator
                )
                priorities.masked_fill_(
                    unique_targets[None, :].eq(
                        torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]
                    ),
                    -1.0,
                )
                columns = torch.topk(
                    priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1
                ).indices
                inbatch = unique_targets[columns]
            if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:
                filler = torch.randint(
                    n_items,
                    (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),
                    generator=generator,
                    device="cpu",
                )
                inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)

    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()
    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)
    if corrected_count and config.inbatch_correction_power != 0.0:
        correction[
            :, config.uniform_negatives : config.uniform_negatives + corrected_count
        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]].numpy()
    for _ in range(32):
        invalid = invalid_full_history_negatives(
...
48

read_file train_current_model.py

+12:46

Model text

I updated draw_full_history_filtered_negatives to support frequency-based in-batch negative sampling and skipping inverse propensity downweighting when inbatch_correction_power == 0.0. Next, I will inspect score_target_microbatches.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 1210,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 1160
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1160-1210 of 2178 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1211.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        liked_vectors, disliked_vectors, _ = pool_explicit_states(
            model, prepared, selected_states, device
        )
        counts = prepared.state_counts[selected_states]
        numeric = np.zeros((end - begin, 6), dtype=np.float32)
        numeric[:, :4] = flat_activity[begin:end]
        numeric[:, 4] = np.log1p(counts[:, 0]) / 6.0
        numeric[:, 5] = np.log1p(counts[:, 1]) / 4.0
        query_vectors = user_queries(
            model,
            sequence_input,
            liked_vectors,
            disliked_vectors,
            torch.from_numpy(numeric).to(device),
        )
        positive_vectors, negative_vectors = candidate_vectors(
            model,
            positive_items[begin:end],
            negatives[begin:end],
        )
        positive_logits = (query_vectors * positive_vectors).sum(dim=1)
        negative_logits = torch.einsum(
            "bd,bkd->bk", query_vectors, negative_vectors
        )
        positive_loss = F.softplus(-positive_logits)
        negative_loss = corrected_negative_loss(
            negative_logits, negative_weights[begin:end], config
        )
        selected_weights = torch.from_numpy(
            sample_weights[begin:end].astype(np.float32, copy=False)
        ).to(device)
        loss_sum = (
            selected_weights * (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2.0
        ).sum()
        if not bool(torch.isfinite(loss_sum)):
            raise RuntimeError("dense next-item training produced non-finite loss")
        if backward:
            (loss_sum / total_weight).backward()
            if sequence_input.grad is None:
                raise RuntimeError("sequence microbatch did not produce a gradient")
            sequence_gradient[begin:end] = sequence_input.grad
        statistics["loss_sum"] += float(loss_sum.detach().cpu())
        statistics["positive_sum"] += float(positive_logits.detach().sum().cpu())
        statistics["negative_sum"] += float(negative_logits.detach().sum().cpu())
        statistics["pair_correct"] += float(
            (positive_logits.detach()[:, None] > negative_logits.detach()).sum().cpu()
        )
        statistics["weight_sum"] += float(selected_weights.sum().detach().cpu())
    return statistics, sequence_gradient

49

read_file train_current_model.py

+12:51
Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Analyzing Loss Calculations

I'm currently examining the loss calculation within lines 1180-1200, specifically focusing on how logits are concatenated and scaled by temperature when the "infonce" loss type is selected. This part seems critical for understanding the contrastive learning mechanism.

Recorded reasoning summary 39 words

Refining Loss Statistics

My focus has shifted to ensuring that the positive_logits, negative_logits, pair_correct, and weight_sum are accurately tracked across different loss types. I am now verifying that the loss_sum variable correctly captures the computed loss for each scenario.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 1940,
  "end_line": 2040
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1940-2040 of 2178 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2041.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
    parser.add_argument("--public-dir", type=Path, required=True)
    parser.add_argument("--prepared-cache", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--device", choices=("cpu", "mps"), default="cpu")
    parser.add_argument("--threads", type=int, default=8)
    parser.add_argument("--bptt-steps", type=int, default=Config.bptt_steps)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--user-batch-size", type=int, default=Config.user_batch_size
    )
    parser.add_argument("--epochs", type=int, default=Config.epochs)
    parser.add_argument("--learning-rate", type=float, default=Config.learning_rate)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--loss-microbatch-size",
        type=int,
        default=Config.loss_microbatch_size,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--negative-filter-scope",
        choices=("full-training-history", "last-100"),
        default=Config.negative_filter_scope,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--target-weighting",
        choices=("discovery-graded", "organic-strong", "uniform"),
        default=Config.target_weighting,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ordinary-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.ordinary_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-strong-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_strong_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-like-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_like_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--discovery-horizon-days",
        type=int,
        default=Config.discovery_horizon_days,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation-fraction",
        type=float,
        default=Config.validation_fraction,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-train-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many recent pre-validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-validation-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many final validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-patience",
        type=int,
        default=Config.early_stopping_patience,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-min-delta",
        type=float,
        default=Config.early_stopping_min_delta,
    )
    parser.add_argument("--checkpoint-dir", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--resume-checkpoint", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=Config.seed)
    parser.add_argument("--ranking-batch-size", type=int, default=64)
    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:
        parser.error("threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive")
    if (
        args.epochs < 1
        or args.learning_rate <= 0
        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1
        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1
        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0
        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0
        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1
        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0
    ):
        parser.error("training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid")
    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:
        parser.error("validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one")
    public = args.public_dir.resolve()
    if not (public / "data" / "candidate_catalog.parquet").is_file():
        parser.error(f"public task data not found under {public}")
50

read_file train_current_model.py

+12:54
Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 2040,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "end_line": 2075
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 2040-2075 of 2178 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2076.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        parser.error(f"public task data not found under {public}")
    config = Config(
        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,
        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,
        epochs=args.epochs,
        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,
        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,
        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,
        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,
        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,
        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,
        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,
        max_train_targets_per_user=args.max_train_targets_per_user,
        max_validation_targets_per_user=args.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        early_stopping_patience=args.early_stopping_patience,
        early_stopping_min_delta=args.early_stopping_min_delta,
        seed=args.seed,
    )
    torch.set_num_threads(args.threads)
    torch.set_num_interop_threads(1)
    seed_everything(config.seed)
    device = torch.device(args.device)
    if device.type == "mps" and not torch.backends.mps.is_available():
        parser.error("MPS was requested but is unavailable")

    started = time.monotonic()
    prepared, eligibility = load_or_prepare(
        public,
        args.stage,
        config,
        args.prepared_cache.resolve() if args.prepared_cache else None,
    )
    target_partition = chronological_target_partition(
        prepared,
51

replace train_current_model.py

+12:59
Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Updating Scoring Logic

I'm refining the scoring mechanism to incorporate a broader range of loss types, including bce, infonce, and bpr. Additionally, I'm integrating new command-line arguments to enable more flexible negative sampling strategies, specifically uniform and in-batch negatives, with a tunable correction power for the latter.

Tool callreplace/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "allow_multiple": false,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "new_string": "        positive_logits = (query_vectors * positive_vectors).sum(dim=1)\n        negative_logits = torch.einsum(\n            \"bd,bkd->bk\", query_vectors, negative_vectors\n        )\n        if config.loss_type == \"infonce\":\n            all_logits = torch.cat(\n                [positive_logits.unsqueeze(1), negative_logits], dim=1\n            ) / config.temperature\n            target_indices = torch.zeros(\n                len(all_logits), dtype=torch.long, device=device\n            )\n            per_sample_loss = F.cross_entropy(\n                all_logits, target_indices, reduction=\"none\"\n            )\n        elif config.loss_type == \"bpr\":\n            diffs = positive_logits.unsqueeze(1) - negative_logits\n            per_sample_loss = F.softplus(-diffs).mean(dim=1)\n        else:\n            positive_loss = F.softplus(-positive_logits)\n            negative_loss = corrected_negative_loss(\n                negative_logits, negative_weights[begin:end], config\n            )\n            per_sample_loss = (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2.0\n        selected_weights = torch.from_numpy(\n            sample_weights[begin:end].astype(np.float32, copy=False)\n        ).to(device)\n        loss_sum = (\n            selected_weights * per_sample_loss\n        ).sum()",
  "instruction": "Update loss calculation in score_target_microbatches to support infonce and bpr as well as bce",
  "old_string": "        positive_logits = (query_vectors * positive_vectors).sum(dim=1)\n        negative_logits = torch.einsum(\n            \"bd,bkd->bk\", query_vectors, negative_vectors\n        )\n        positive_loss = F.softplus(-positive_logits)\n        negative_loss = corrected_negative_loss(\n            negative_logits, negative_weights[begin:end], config\n        )\n        selected_weights = torch.from_numpy(\n            sample_weights[begin:end].astype(np.float32, copy=False)\n        ).to(device)\n        loss_sum = (\n            selected_weights * (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2.0\n        ).sum()"
}

Tool response

Successfully modified file: /app/solution/train_current_model.py (1 replacements). Here is the updated code:
...
        )
        positive_logits = (query_vectors * positive_vectors).sum(dim=1)
        negative_logits = torch.einsum(
            "bd,bkd->bk", query_vectors, negative_vectors
        )
        if config.loss_type == "infonce":
            all_logits = torch.cat(
                [positive_logits.unsqueeze(1), negative_logits], dim=1
            ) / config.temperature
            target_indices = torch.zeros(
                len(all_logits), dtype=torch.long, device=device
            )
            per_sample_loss = F.cross_entropy(
                all_logits, target_indices, reduction="none"
            )
        elif config.loss_type == "bpr":
            diffs = positive_logits.unsqueeze(1) - negative_logits
            per_sample_loss = F.softplus(-diffs).mean(dim=1)
        else:
            positive_loss = F.softplus(-positive_logits)
            negative_loss = corrected_negative_loss(
                negative_logits, negative_weights[begin:end], config
            )
            per_sample_loss = (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2.0
        selected_weights = torch.from_numpy(
            sample_weights[begin:end].astype(np.float32, copy=False)
        ).to(device)
        loss_sum = (
            selected_weights * per_sample_loss
        ).sum()
        if not bool(torch.isfinite(loss_sum)):
            raise RuntimeError("dense next-item training produced non-finite loss")
        if backward:
            (loss_sum / total_weight).backward()
...
52

read_file train_current_model.py

+13:02

Model text

I updated score_target_microbatches to compute the loss according to config.loss_type (supporting InfoNCE, BPR, and BCE). Next, I will add the corresponding CLI arguments in main().

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 1980,
  "end_line": 2070
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1980-2070 of 2193 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 2071.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ordinary-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.ordinary_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-strong-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_strong_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--organic-like-target-weight",
        type=float,
        default=Config.organic_like_target_weight,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--discovery-horizon-days",
        type=int,
        default=Config.discovery_horizon_days,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation-fraction",
        type=float,
        default=Config.validation_fraction,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-train-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_train_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many recent pre-validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-validation-targets-per-user",
        type=int,
        default=Config.max_validation_targets_per_user,
        help="retain this many final validation targets per user; 0 is uncapped",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-patience",
        type=int,
        default=Config.early_stopping_patience,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-min-delta",
        type=float,
        default=Config.early_stopping_min_delta,
    )
    parser.add_argument("--checkpoint-dir", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--resume-checkpoint", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=Config.seed)
    parser.add_argument("--ranking-batch-size", type=int, default=64)
    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:
        parser.error("threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive")
    if (
        args.epochs < 1
        or args.learning_rate <= 0
        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1
        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1
        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0
        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0
        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1
        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0
    ):
        parser.error("training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid")
    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:
        parser.error("validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one")
    public = args.public_dir.resolve()
    if not (public / "data" / "candidate_catalog.parquet").is_file():
        parser.error(f"public task data not found under {public}")
    config = Config(
        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,
        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,
        epochs=args.epochs,
        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,
        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,
        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,
        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,
        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,
        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,
        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,
        max_train_targets_per_user=args.max_train_targets_per_user,
        max_validation_targets_per_user=args.max_validation_targets_per_user,
53

replace train_current_model.py

+13:11
Recorded reasoning summary 31 words

Implementing Parser Arguments

I'm currently integrating new parser arguments, like --uniform-negatives and --inbatch-sampling, and feeding them into the Config object. I'll then leverage replace within the training loop for these updates.

Tool callreplace/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "allow_multiple": false,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "new_string": "    parser.add_argument(\"--uniform-negatives\", type=int, default=Config.uniform_negatives)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--inbatch-negatives\", type=int, default=Config.inbatch_negatives)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--inbatch-correction-power\", type=float, default=Config.inbatch_correction_power)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--inbatch-sampling\", choices=(\"unique\", \"frequency\"), default=Config.inbatch_sampling)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--loss-type\", choices=(\"bce\", \"infonce\", \"bpr\"), default=Config.loss_type)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--temperature\", type=float, default=Config.temperature)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--checkpoint-dir\", type=Path)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--resume-checkpoint\", type=Path)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--seed\", type=int, default=Config.seed)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--ranking-batch-size\", type=int, default=64)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--prepare-only\", action=\"store_true\")\n    args = parser.parse_args()\n\n    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:\n        parser.error(\"threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive\")\n    if (\n        args.epochs < 1\n        or args.learning_rate <= 0\n        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1\n        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1\n        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0\n        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1\n        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0\n        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0\n        or args.uniform_negatives < 0\n        or args.inbatch_negatives < 0\n        or args.temperature <= 0\n    ):\n        parser.error(\"training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid\")\n    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:\n        parser.error(\"validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one\")\n    public = args.public_dir.resolve()\n    if not (public / \"data\" / \"candidate_catalog.parquet\").is_file():\n        parser.error(f\"public task data not found under {public}\")\n    config = Config(\n        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,\n        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,\n        epochs=args.epochs,\n        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,\n        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,\n        uniform_negatives=args.uniform_negatives,\n        inbatch_negatives=args.inbatch_negatives,\n        inbatch_correction_power=args.inbatch_correction_power,\n        inbatch_sampling=args.inbatch_sampling,\n        loss_type=args.loss_type,\n        temperature=args.temperature,\n        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,\n        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,\n        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,\n        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,\n        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,\n        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,\n        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,",
  "instruction": "Add CLI flags and config fields for negative sampling and loss type",
  "old_string": "    parser.add_argument(\"--checkpoint-dir\", type=Path)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--resume-checkpoint\", type=Path)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--seed\", type=int, default=Config.seed)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--ranking-batch-size\", type=int, default=64)\n    parser.add_argument(\"--prepare-only\", action=\"store_true\")\n    args = parser.parse_args()\n\n    if args.threads < 1 or args.bptt_steps < 2 or args.user_batch_size < 1:\n        parser.error(\"threads, BPTT steps, and user batch size must be positive\")\n    if (\n        args.epochs < 1\n        or args.learning_rate <= 0\n        or args.loss_microbatch_size < 1\n        or args.early_stopping_patience < 1\n        or args.early_stopping_min_delta < 0\n        or args.ordinary_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0\n        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1\n        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0\n        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0\n    ):\n        parser.error(\"training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid\")\n    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:\n        parser.error(\"validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one\")\n    public = args.public_dir.resolve()\n    if not (public / \"data\" / \"candidate_catalog.parquet\").is_file():\n        parser.error(f\"public task data not found under {public}\")\n    config = Config(\n        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,\n        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,\n        epochs=args.epochs,\n        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,\n        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,\n        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,\n        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,\n        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,\n        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,\n        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,\n        discovery_horizon_days=args.discovery_horizon_days,\n        validation_fraction=args.validation_fraction,"
}

Tool response

Successfully modified file: /app/solution/train_current_model.py (1 replacements). Here is the updated code:
...
    parser.add_argument(
        "--early-stopping-min-delta",
        type=float,
        default=Config.early_stopping_min_delta,
    )
    parser.add_argument("--uniform-negatives", type=int, default=Config.uniform_negatives)
    parser.add_argument("--inbatch-negatives", type=int, default=Config.inbatch_negatives)
    parser.add_argument("--inbatch-correction-power", type=float, default=Config.inbatch_correction_power)
    parser.add_argument("--inbatch-sampling", choices=("unique", "frequency"), default=Config.inbatch_sampling)
    parser.add_argument("--loss-type", choices=("bce", "infonce", "bpr"), default=Config.loss_type)
    parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=Config.temperature)
    parser.add_argument("--checkpoint-dir", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--resume-checkpoint", type=Path)
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=Config.seed)
    parser.add_argument("--ranking-batch-size", type=int, default=64)
    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
...
        or args.organic_strong_target_weight <= 0
        or args.organic_like_target_weight <= 0
        or args.discovery_horizon_days < 1
        or args.max_train_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.max_validation_targets_per_user < 0
        or args.uniform_negatives < 0
        or args.inbatch_negatives < 0
        or args.temperature <= 0
    ):
        parser.error("training counts, learning rate, and patience are invalid")
    if not 0.0 < args.validation_fraction < 1.0:
        parser.error("validation fraction must be strictly between zero and one")
    public = args.public_dir.resolve()
...
        bptt_steps=args.bptt_steps,
        user_batch_size=args.user_batch_size,
        epochs=args.epochs,
        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
        loss_microbatch_size=args.loss_microbatch_size,
        uniform_negatives=args.uniform_negatives,
        inbatch_negatives=args.inbatch_negatives,
        inbatch_correction_power=args.inbatch_correction_power,
        inbatch_sampling=args.inbatch_sampling,
        loss_type=args.loss_type,
        temperature=args.temperature,
        negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
        target_weighting=args.target_weighting,
        ordinary_target_weight=args.ordinary_target_weight,
        organic_strong_target_weight=args.organic_strong_target_weight,
        organic_like_target_weight=args.organic_like_target_weight,
...
54

read_file train_current_model.py

+13:14

Model text

I added the CLI arguments and configured Config to parse negative sampling parameters and loss types. Next, I will check the resume checkpoint logic to verify config compatibility.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1590,
  "end_line": 1640,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1590-1640 of 2208 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 1641.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        partition.history_training_counts,
        config,
    )
    known_positive_packed = (
        build_known_positive_filter(prepared, partition.history_training_counts)
        if config.negative_filter_scope == "full-training-history"
        else None
    )
    history: list[dict[str, float]] = []
    best_loss = float("inf")
    best_epoch = 0
    best_state: dict[str, torch.Tensor] | None = None
    epochs_without_improvement = 0
    start_epoch = 0

    if resume_checkpoint is not None:
        payload = torch.load(
            resume_checkpoint, map_location=device, weights_only=False
        )
        stored_config = payload.get("config", {})
        architecture_fields = (
            "bptt_steps",
            "embedding_dim",
            "hidden_dim",
            "user_hidden_1",
            "user_hidden_2",
            "item_hidden_1",
            "item_hidden_2",
        )
        mismatches = {
            name: (stored_config.get(name), getattr(config, name))
            for name in architecture_fields
            if stored_config.get(name) != getattr(config, name)
        }
        if mismatches:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"resume checkpoint architecture differs: {mismatches}"
            )
        stored_filter_scope = stored_config.get(
            "negative_filter_scope", "last-100"
        )
        stored_target_weighting = stored_config.get(
            "target_weighting", "uniform"
        )
        stored_weight_values = (
            stored_config.get("ordinary_target_weight", 1.0),
            stored_config.get("organic_strong_target_weight", 1.0),
            stored_config.get("organic_like_target_weight", 3.0),
            stored_config.get("discovery_horizon_days", 7),
        )
        current_weight_values = (
55

Check syntax of train_current_model.py

+13:18

Model text

I will check syntax of train_current_model.py with python -m py_compile.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck syntax of train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Check syntax of train_current_model.py",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python -m py_compile /app/solution/train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: (empty)
Process Group PGID: 1910
</untrusted_context>
56

Run Experiment 1 with frequency inbatch sampling and power=0.0

+13:22
Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Testing Diagnosis Hypotheses

I'm now initiating Experiment 1 to directly test Diagnoses 1 and 2. This experiment will specifically involve disabling inverse-propensity downweighting for popular negatives by setting --inbatch-correction-power 0.0, and then proceeding to sample in-batch negatives proportionally.

Model text

I will run Experiment 1: --inbatch-correction-power 0.0 --inbatch-sampling frequency (BCE loss, 24 uniform, 8 inbatch) and evaluate with evaluate_public.py.

Tool callrun_shell_commandRun Experiment 1 with frequency inbatch sampling and power=0.0 Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Run Experiment 1 with frequency inbatch sampling and power=0.0",
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --inbatch-correction-power 0.0 \\\n  --inbatch-sampling frequency \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp1_validation.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp1_validation.parquet",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=1.000 mean_on_targets=1.000 max=1.000
target weighting=organic-strong min=0.250 mean=0.575 max=1.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.558826 running_bce=0.571199 elapsed=178.0s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.56884 validation_loss=0.51997 pair_accuracy=0.751 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=189.7 validation_seconds=15.2
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.519969
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp1_validation.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 288.919,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "organic-strong"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.0,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "frequency",
    "loss_type": "bce",
    "temperature": 0.07,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "organic-strong",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5688422779714505,
      "positive_logit": 0.5348457128254654,
      "negative_logit": -0.6062991975737275,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7508769978337114,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 632551.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 189.7411161729999,
      "validation_loss": 0.5199690936254368,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 78769.25,
      "validation_seconds": 15.169301435999841
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.5344889163970947,
    "query_norm_std": 0.8001477718353271,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.8621972799301147,
    "item_norm_std": 0.7460529208183289
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp1_validation.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.011468,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 1913
</untrusted_context>
57

Inspect popularity of exp1 predictions

+18:24

Model text

I will inspect the popularity distribution of predictions in exp1_validation.parquet.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect popularity of exp1 predictions Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\npred = pd.read_parquet('/app/solution/exp1_validation.parquet')\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\npred['pop_rank'] = pred['item_id'].map(item_pop)\ntop10 = pred[pred['rank'] <= 10]\nprint('Top 10 predicted popularity ranks in exp1:')\nprint(top10['pop_rank'].describe())\n\"",
  "description": "Inspect popularity of exp1 predictions",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Top 10 predicted popularity ranks in exp1:
count    84560.000000
mean      2279.055014
std       4761.738155
min          1.000000
25%         84.000000
50%        413.000000
75%       1666.000000
max      29978.000000
Name: pop_rank, dtype: float64
Process Group PGID: 1956
</untrusted_context>
58

Check git log in /task

+18:36
Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Analyzing Popularity Distribution

I'm focusing on understanding why popularity remains so concentrated in the top 400. My current investigation centers on the behavior of BCE with average negative loss. I'm examining how the average loss, calculated as (positive_loss + negative_loss) / 2, influences the positive dot product.

Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Investigating Training Objective

I'm shifting my focus to the training objective, specifically how the baseline selects negative examples. I'm planning to test InfoNCE loss to see its impact, considering the typical norms of query and item embeddings which suggest a dot product around 2.7.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Testing Temperature Variations

I'm exploring the impact of temperature on my model. My current thoughts are centered on how varying the temperature hyperparameter, especially for InfoNCE loss, might resolve the significant logit differences I'm observing. I'm considering testing temperatures like 0.2 or 0.5.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Testing InfoNCE with Modifications

I'm now considering how to adapt InfoNCE for my specific scenario. My current thinking involves integrating unique and inbatch_correction_power=0.5 into InfoNCE, while also exploring different temperature values. This approach aims to address the observed logit differences effectively.

Model text

I will check git status and commit history in /task or /app.

Tool callrun_shell_commandCheck git log in /task Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Check git log in /task",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "cd /task && git log -n 5 2>&1 || git status 2>&1"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: /usr/bin/bash: line 4: git: command not found
/usr/bin/bash: line 4: git: command not found
Exit Code: 127
Process Group PGID: 1975
</untrusted_context>
59

Search for comments in train_current_model.py

+18:39

Model text

I will search for comments in train_current_model.py to see architectural notes.

Tool callrun_shell_commandSearch for comments in train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "grep -n -E \"^\\s*#\" /task/current_model/train_current_model.py",
  "description": "Search for comments in train_current_model.py"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: 1:#!/usr/bin/env python3
381:    # Snapshot zero is the shared empty explicit state.
589:        # T adjacent targets consume sequence positions 0 through T.  The
590:        # chronological BCE suffix starts at T + 1 and is intentionally absent.
707:        # Rejected in-batch items become ordinary uniform draws.
1004:                        # Repeats remain training examples, but they cannot be
1005:                        # eligible discovery outcomes at the corresponding
1006:                        # cutoff and therefore keep only the ordinary weight.
Process Group PGID: 1979
</untrusted_context>
60

Search for comments in two_tower_model.py

+18:42

Model text

I will search for comments in two_tower_model.py.

Tool callrun_shell_commandSearch for comments in two_tower_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Search for comments in two_tower_model.py",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "grep -n -E \"^\\s*#\" /task/current_model/two_tower_model.py"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: (empty)
Exit Code: 1
Process Group PGID: 1982
</untrusted_context>
61

read_file ranking_evaluation.py

+18:44
Tool callread_file/app/solution/ranking_evaluation.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "start_line": 1,
  "end_line": 150,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/ranking_evaluation.py"
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 1-150 of 232 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 151.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
"""Shared public primitives for Yambda discovery-ranking evaluation.

Both the solver-visible validation evaluator and the private submission judge
import this module from the generated task's ``public`` directory. It owns the
stage-independent contract: reading a ranking, validating its shape, converting
it to per-user rank order, looking up packed candidate eligibility, and
computing graded NDCG@10.

The module deliberately contains no event-derived labels, private artifact
paths, or pass thresholds. Each evaluator supplies its own relevance data and
per-cutoff eligibility checks around these common operations.
"""
from __future__ import annotations

from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd


__all__ = [
    "CandidateSet",
    "QUALITY_K",
    "RankingValidationError",
    "REQUIRED_COLUMNS",
    "TOP_N",
    "ndcg_at_k",
    "ranked_items",
    "read_ranking",
    "score_rankings",
    "validate_ranking",
]

TOP_N = 100
QUALITY_K = 10
REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ("uid", "item_id", "rank")


class RankingValidationError(ValueError):
    """Report a ranking-schema or structural-contract violation."""


class CandidateSet:
    """Provide membership lookups over one packed candidate-set archive.

    The archive contains aligned ``uids``, ``item_ids``, and
    ``packed_eligible`` arrays. Candidate column ``c`` is represented by bit
    ``c % 8`` of byte ``c // 8`` using little-endian bit order. Arrays are
    copied into memory so they remain valid after the archive is closed.
    """

    def __init__(self, path: Path):
        """Load an eligibility archive and build ID-to-position indexes.

        Args:
            path: Path to a ``.npz`` archive with the candidate-set schema.
        """
        with np.load(path, allow_pickle=False) as artifact:
            self.uids = artifact["uids"].astype(np.int64, copy=True)
            self.item_ids = artifact["item_ids"].astype(np.int64, copy=True)
            self.packed = artifact["packed_eligible"].astype(np.uint8, copy=True)
        self.uid_row = {int(uid): row for row, uid in enumerate(self.uids)}
        self.item_column = {
            int(item): column for column, item in enumerate(self.item_ids)
        }

    def is_eligible(self, uid: int, item_id: int) -> bool:
        """Return whether ``item_id`` is eligible for ``uid``.

        IDs absent from the target-user or candidate-item arrays are treated as
        ineligible rather than raising an exception.

        Args:
            uid: Target user ID to query.
            item_id: Candidate item ID to query.

        Returns:
            ``True`` only when the corresponding packed eligibility bit is set.
        """
        row = self.uid_row.get(int(uid))
        column = self.item_column.get(int(item_id))
        if row is None or column is None:
            return False
        byte, bit = divmod(column, 8)
        return bool((int(self.packed[row, byte]) >> bit) & 1)


def read_ranking(path: Path) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """Read a parquet or CSV ranking into a pandas frame.

    Args:
        path: Input path. A ``.parquet`` suffix selects parquet; every other
            suffix is interpreted as CSV.

    Returns:
        The ranking frame as loaded by pandas.
    """
    return pd.read_parquet(path) if path.suffix == ".parquet" else pd.read_csv(path)


def validate_ranking(
    frame: pd.DataFrame,
    targets: set[int],
) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """Normalize and validate the stage-independent ranking contract.

    Required values must be finite integers. The user set must exactly match
    ``targets``; every user must have 100 rows, distinct items, and each rank
    from 1 through 100 exactly once. Cutoff-specific candidate eligibility is
    intentionally left to the calling evaluator.

    Args:
        frame: Raw ranking frame. Extra columns are discarded from an internal
            copy; the caller's frame is not modified.
        targets: Exact set of target user IDs the ranking must cover.

    Returns:
        A normalized frame containing only the required ``int64`` columns.

    Raises:
        RankingValidationError: If the ranking violates the shared contract.
    """
    required = list(REQUIRED_COLUMNS)
    if not all(column in frame for column in required):
        raise RankingValidationError(f"submission requires columns {required}")

    normalized = frame[required].copy()
    for column in required:
        numeric = pd.to_numeric(normalized[column], errors="coerce")
        values = numeric.to_numpy(dtype=float)
        if numeric.isna().any() or not np.isfinite(values).all():
            raise RankingValidationError(
                f"submission {column} must be finite numeric values"
            )
        if not np.equal(numeric, np.floor(numeric)).all():
            raise RankingValidationError(
                f"submission {column} must contain integers"
            )
        normalized[column] = numeric.astype(np.int64)

    submitted_users = set(map(int, normalized.uid.unique()))
    if submitted_users != targets:
        raise RankingValidationError(
            f"submission user set mismatch: missing={len(targets - submitted_users)} "
            f"extra={len(submitted_users - targets)}"
        )
    counts = normalized.groupby("uid").size()
    if not (counts == TOP_N).all():
        raise RankingValidationError(
            f"submission must contain exactly {TOP_N} rows for every target user"
62

read_file ranking_evaluation.py

+18:49
Tool callread_file/app/solution/ranking_evaluation.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/ranking_evaluation.py",
  "end_line": 232,
  "start_line": 151
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 151-232 of 232 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 233.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
        )
    if normalized.duplicated(["uid", "item_id"]).any():
        raise RankingValidationError(
            "submission contains duplicate (uid, item_id) pairs"
        )
    valid_ranks = set(range(1, TOP_N + 1))
    ranks_are_valid = normalized.groupby("uid")["rank"].apply(
        lambda values: set(map(int, values)) == valid_ranks
    )
    if not ranks_are_valid.all():
        raise RankingValidationError(
            f"each user must have every rank from 1 through {TOP_N} exactly once"
        )
    return normalized


def ranked_items(frame: pd.DataFrame) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
    """Convert a validated ranking frame to ordered items keyed by user.

    Args:
        frame: Frame that has passed :func:`validate_ranking`.

    Returns:
        A ``uid -> item IDs`` mapping ordered by ascending rank.
    """
    ordered = frame.sort_values(["uid", "rank"])
    return {
        int(uid): list(map(int, values))
        for uid, values in ordered.groupby("uid").item_id
    }


def ndcg_at_k(ranked: list[int], gold: dict[int, int], k: int) -> float:
    """Compute graded normalized discounted cumulative gain at ``k``.

    Relevance gain is ``2**grade - 1`` and the discount at one-based rank
    ``r`` is ``1 / log2(r + 1)``. Items absent from ``gold`` have grade zero.

    Args:
        ranked: Item IDs in predicted rank order.
        gold: Mapping from relevant item IDs to integer relevance grades.
        k: Maximum number of predicted positions to score.

    Returns:
        For a valid duplicate-free ranking, NDCG in ``[0, 1]``; returns
        ``0.0`` when the ideal gain is zero.
    """
    gains = np.asarray([gold.get(item, 0) for item in ranked[:k]], dtype=np.float64)
    discounts = 1.0 / np.log2(np.arange(2, len(gains) + 2))
    dcg = float(np.sum((np.power(2.0, gains) - 1.0) * discounts))
    ideal = np.asarray(sorted(gold.values(), reverse=True)[:k], dtype=np.float64)
    ideal_discounts = 1.0 / np.log2(np.arange(2, len(ideal) + 2))
    idcg = float(np.sum((np.power(2.0, ideal) - 1.0) * ideal_discounts))
    return dcg / idcg if idcg else 0.0


def score_rankings(
    ranked: dict[int, list[int]],
    graded: dict[int, dict[int, int]],
) -> dict[str, float | int]:
    """Aggregate per-user NDCG@10 over users with relevance labels.

    Args:
        ranked: Ranked item IDs for every target user.
        graded: Relevant item grades keyed by user and item.

    Returns:
        The six-decimal ``quality_ndcg@10`` value and number of scored users.
    """
    quality = float(
        np.mean(
            [
                ndcg_at_k(ranked[uid], gold, QUALITY_K)
                for uid, gold in graded.items()
            ]
        )
    )
    return {
        "quality_ndcg@10": round(quality, 6),
        "quality_users": len(graded),
    }
63

Run experiment with discovery-graded target weighting

+18:53
Recorded reasoning summary 44 words

Investigating Anomalous Results

I'm currently analyzing a discrepancy where a specific inbatch_sampling configuration with inbatch_correction_power 0.0 yielded a significantly lower NDCG@10 score than the baseline. My immediate focus is to dissect the baseline's setup to understand the root cause of this unexpected performance drop.

Model text

I will run an experiment with --target-weighting discovery-graded using the baseline negative sampling settings.

Tool callrun_shell_commandRun experiment with discovery-graded target weighting Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Run experiment with discovery-graded target weighting",
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --target-weighting discovery-graded \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp_disc_val.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp_disc_val.parquet"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=1.001 max=4.000
loaded organic-like outcomes: rows=301,527 users=7,526
grade-3 first-encounter targets=46,417 horizon_days=7
target weighting=discovery-graded min=0.250 mean=0.310 max=3.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.551810 running_bce=0.544138 elapsed=196.2s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.54212 validation_loss=0.50483 pair_accuracy=0.760 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=209.3 validation_seconds=15.8
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.504831
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp_disc_val.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 316.643,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "unique",
    "loss_type": "bce",
    "temperature": 0.07,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5421154198798847,
      "positive_logit": 0.7774311401831406,
      "negative_logit": -0.6407561996238257,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7602795720701684,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 348780.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 209.33062915000005,
      "validation_loss": 0.5048305736570056,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 42129.5,
      "validation_seconds": 15.797680388000117
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.7521852254867554,
    "query_norm_std": 0.8638167381286621,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.8543914556503296,
    "item_norm_std": 0.8459439277648926
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp_disc_val.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.023522,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 1985
</untrusted_context>
64

Run InfoNCE loss with temperature 0.5

+24:31
Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Observing Model Improvements

My analysis shows a significant boost in NDCG@10, increasing by over 10% with the discovery-graded weighting. I'm now turning my attention to negative sampling and prompt instructions to further refine performance.

Recorded reasoning summary 60 words

Investigating Negative Sampling

I'm now deeply exploring how negative examples are selected and utilized by the current trainer. My immediate focus is on diagnosing limitations within the existing negative-sampling strategy and devising improvements, all while respecting the fixed CPU budget. I'm also investigating the impact of varying the balance between uniform and in-batch negatives and fine-tuning the in-batch correction power.

Recorded reasoning summary 42 words

Refining Negatives

I'm scrutinizing inbatch_correction_power, particularly how different exponents affect item weighting and the implications of negative values. I'm also re-evaluating the performance drop from inbatch_sampling frequency, suspecting it's due to penalizing highly popular items that are also present in ground truth.

Model text

I will test InfoNCE loss with temperature 0.5 and discovery-graded target weighting.

Tool callrun_shell_commandRun InfoNCE loss with temperature 0.5 Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Run InfoNCE loss with temperature 0.5",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --target-weighting discovery-graded \\\n  --loss-type infonce \\\n  --temperature 0.5 \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp_infonce_05.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp_infonce_05.parquet"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=1.001 max=4.000
loaded organic-like outcomes: rows=301,527 users=7,526
grade-3 first-encounter targets=46,417 horizon_days=7
target weighting=discovery-graded min=0.250 mean=0.310 max=3.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=2.896681 running_bce=2.895069 elapsed=196.0s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=2.88386 validation_loss=2.69833 pair_accuracy=0.767 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=209.1 validation_seconds=15.8
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=2.698328
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp_infonce_05.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 316.203,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "unique",
    "loss_type": "infonce",
    "temperature": 0.5,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 2.8838567967821995,
      "positive_logit": 0.4339510783399619,
      "negative_logit": -0.25847992199584063,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7666582696473632,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 348780.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 209.05512949100012,
      "validation_loss": 2.6983276707117687,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 42129.5,
      "validation_seconds": 15.762151709000136
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.2678135633468628,
    "query_norm_std": 0.4623965620994568,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.1715781688690186,
    "item_norm_std": 0.4589647948741913
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp_infonce_05.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.017358,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 2036
</untrusted_context>
65

grep_search train_current_model.py

+30:03
Recorded reasoning summary 50 words

Analyzing Loss Functions

My recent focus has been on contrasting InfoNCE and BCE loss. While InfoNCE yielded a result of 0.017358 at $\tau=0.5$, BCE with discovery-graded weights showed a slight increase to 0.023522 compared to the baseline's 0.02128. I'm now delving into the impact of negative sampling parameters on BCE.

Tool callgrep_search/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "pattern": "negative_filter_scope"
}

Tool response

Found 9 matches for pattern "negative_filter_scope" in the workspace directory:
---
File: solution/train_current_model.py
L64:     negative_filter_scope: str = "full-training-history"
L749:     if config.negative_filter_scope == "full-training-history":
L1595:         if config.negative_filter_scope == "full-training-history"
L1629:             "negative_filter_scope", "last-100"
L1657:             stored_filter_scope != config.negative_filter_scope
L1688:                 f"{stored_filter_scope}->{config.negative_filter_scope}, "
L1974:         default=Config.negative_filter_scope,
L2077:         negative_filter_scope=args.negative_filter_scope,
L2182:                     "false_negative_filter": config.negative_filter_scope,
---
66

Test 16 uniform and 16 inbatch negatives

+30:10
Recorded reasoning summary 39 words

Exploring Negative Filter Scopes

I'm currently investigating the impact of varying config.negative_filter_scope, specifically when it's set to something other than "full-training-history," like "last-100." My focus is on observing the behavior around line 749 in train_current_model.py and its function, draw_training_negatives.

Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Analyzing Negative Filter Logic

I'm currently examining how the config.negative_filter_scope setting, particularly when not "full-training-history" but rather a limited window like "last-100," influences the behavior within the draw_training_negatives function. My analysis is centered on line 749 of train_current_model.py.

Model text

I will run an experiment with 16 uniform negatives and 16 in-batch negatives (--uniform-negatives 16 --inbatch-negatives 16 --target-weighting discovery-graded).

Tool callrun_shell_commandTest 16 uniform and 16 inbatch negatives Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Test 16 uniform and 16 inbatch negatives",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --target-weighting discovery-graded \\\n  --uniform-negatives 16 \\\n  --inbatch-negatives 16 \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp_u16_i16.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp_u16_i16.parquet"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=1.001 max=4.000
loaded organic-like outcomes: rows=301,527 users=7,526
grade-3 first-encounter targets=46,417 horizon_days=7
target weighting=discovery-graded min=0.250 mean=0.310 max=3.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.556066 running_bce=0.556343 elapsed=189.4s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.55431 validation_loss=0.52006 pair_accuracy=0.726 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=202.1 validation_seconds=13.7
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.520058
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp_u16_i16.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 307.519,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 16,
    "inbatch_negatives": 16,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "unique",
    "loss_type": "bce",
    "temperature": 0.07,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5543083913050508,
      "positive_logit": 0.6960524614172641,
      "negative_logit": -0.5012892200416754,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7255772871628648,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 348780.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 202.12939450899967,
      "validation_loss": 0.5200578126173041,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 42129.5,
      "validation_seconds": 13.726802019999923
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.7176125049591064,
    "query_norm_std": 0.8431687951087952,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.8370518684387207,
    "item_norm_std": 0.7449613809585571
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp_u16_i16.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.020984,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 2087
</untrusted_context>
67

Inspect item_correction distributions for various powers

+35:35
Recorded reasoning summary 52 words

Investigating Negative Sampling

My recent exploration into negative sampling has yielded some intriguing results. I've observed an unexpected performance increase when using a larger proportion of uniform negatives (24 vs 16) in the sampling strategy, which prompts further investigation into the effects of even more uniform negatives, such as a 32-to-8 ratio.

Model text

I will inspect the values of item_correction across different power values.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect item_correction distributions for various powers Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Inspect item_correction distributions for various powers",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport numpy as np\n\ncache = np.load('/app/solution/cache_val.npz')\nitems = cache['sequence_items']\noffsets = cache['offsets']\nlengths = np.diff(offsets)\ntotals = np.maximum(lengths - 1, 0)\nval_counts = np.floor(totals * 0.1).astype(int)\nval_counts[(totals >= 2) & (val_counts == 0)] = 1\nval_counts = np.minimum(val_counts, 16)\ntrain_counts = np.minimum(totals - val_counts, 128)\nwindow_starts = totals - val_counts - train_counts\n\ncounts = np.zeros(len(cache['item_ids']), dtype=np.float64)\nfor u in range(len(train_counts)):\n    c = train_counts[u]\n    if not c: continue\n    off = offsets[u]\n    ws = window_starts[u]\n    counts += np.bincount(items[off + ws + 1 : off + ws + c + 1], minlength=len(cache['item_ids']))\n\ntotal = counts.sum()\nprobs = (counts + 1.0) / (total + len(counts))\n\nfor power in [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]:\n    raw = np.power((1.0 / len(counts)) / probs, power)\n    norm = np.sum(counts * raw) / total\n    corr = np.clip(raw / norm, 0.25, 4.0)\n    print(f'power={power}: min={corr.min():.3f}, mean_on_targets={(counts*corr).sum()/total:.3f}, max={corr.max():.3f}, q25={np.percentile(corr, 25):.3f}, q50={np.percentile(corr, 50):.3f}, q75={np.percentile(corr, 75):.3f}')\n\""
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: power=0.0: min=1.000, mean_on_targets=1.000, max=1.000, q25=1.000, q50=1.000, q75=1.000
power=0.25: min=0.381, mean_on_targets=1.000, max=2.806, q25=1.138, q50=1.363, q75=1.578
power=0.5: min=0.250, mean_on_targets=1.001, max=4.000, q25=1.187, q50=1.702, q75=2.284
power=0.75: min=0.250, mean_on_targets=0.998, max=4.000, q25=1.147, q50=1.969, q75=3.060
power=1.0: min=0.250, mean_on_targets=0.971, max=4.000, q25=1.035, q50=2.128, q75=3.831
Process Group PGID: 2139
</untrusted_context>
68

Analyze top 10 predictions in exp_disc

+35:49
Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Exploring Correction Mechanisms

I'm currently investigating the rationale behind introducing item_correction. My focus is on understanding how it addresses potential biases, particularly concerning popular items sampled as negatives. This analysis aims to clarify the impact of such corrections on the recommendation system's performance.

Recorded reasoning summary 35 words

Analyzing Loss Components

I've been examining the corrected_negative_loss function and observed how weights.sum(dim=1) normalizes the weights. This normalization suggests that weights primarily re-weights the relative importance of in-batch negatives rather than affecting their absolute contribution.

Model text

I will inspect the predictions of exp_disc_val.parquet to see their popularity and overlap with true validation items.

Tool callrun_shell_commandAnalyze top 10 predictions in exp_disc Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\npred = pd.read_parquet('/app/solution/exp_disc_val.parquet')\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\npred['pop_rank'] = pred['item_id'].map(item_pop)\n\ntop10 = pred[pred['rank'] <= 10]\nprint('Top 10 predicted popularity ranks in exp_disc:')\nprint(top10['pop_rank'].describe())\n\nprint('Unique items in top 10:', top10['item_id'].nunique())\nprint('Top 5 most frequently predicted items in top 10:')\nprint(top10['item_id'].value_counts().head(5))\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Analyze top 10 predictions in exp_disc"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Top 10 predicted popularity ranks in exp_disc:
count    84560.000000
mean      2940.454991
std       5733.564101
min          1.000000
25%         19.000000
50%        193.000000
75%       2947.000000
max      29925.000000
Name: pop_rank, dtype: float64
Unique items in top 10: 632
Top 5 most frequently predicted items in top 10:
item_id
8722394    2676
5436843    2651
6006390    2590
8743390    2280
8213481    2245
Name: count, dtype: int64
Process Group PGID: 2149
</untrusted_context>
69

Inspect top recommended items metadata

+35:56
Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Analyzing Recommendation Distribution

I'm digging into the distribution of recommendations. It's striking that so few unique items are appearing in the top 10 across many users. The concentration of recommendations for a single item suggests a potential for over-saturation, while others are barely getting a look in.

Model text

I will inspect the norm and characteristics of the most frequently recommended items.

Tool callrun_shell_commandInspect top recommended items metadata Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Inspect top recommended items metadata",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\ncatalog = pd.read_parquet('/task/data/candidate_catalog.parquet')\nitem_pop = dict(zip(catalog.item_id, catalog.popularity_rank))\n\nfor item in [8722394, 5436843, 6006390, 8743390, 8213481]:\n    row = catalog[catalog.item_id == item]\n    print(item, 'pop_rank:', item_pop.get(item), 'row:', row.to_dict('records'))\n\"",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: 8722394 pop_rank: 634 row: [{'item_id': 8722394, 'positive_listens': 3464, 'organic_positive_listens': 1695, 'popularity_rank': 634}]
5436843 pop_rank: 14 row: [{'item_id': 5436843, 'positive_listens': 14897, 'organic_positive_listens': 12127, 'popularity_rank': 14}]
6006390 pop_rank: 75 row: [{'item_id': 6006390, 'positive_listens': 8970, 'organic_positive_listens': 6813, 'popularity_rank': 75}]
8743390 pop_rank: 22 row: [{'item_id': 8743390, 'positive_listens': 13518, 'organic_positive_listens': 8480, 'popularity_rank': 22}]
8213481 pop_rank: 7 row: [{'item_id': 8213481, 'positive_listens': 22505, 'organic_positive_listens': 17071, 'popularity_rank': 7}]
Process Group PGID: 2167
</untrusted_context>
70

read_file train_current_model.py

+36:09
Recorded reasoning summary 33 words

Investigating Item Features

I'm currently dissecting the build_item_features function to understand why certain highly popular tracks are being recommended. My focus is on identifying the specific features that contribute to their broad appeal.

Recorded reasoning summary 37 words

Analyzing Item Encoding

I've been examining how items are encoded by combining their embeddings with derived features. Specifically, I'm tracing the inputs to the item_tower, noting the concatenation of candidate embeddings and the four calculated item features.

Recorded reasoning summary 51 words

Exploring Dot Product Behavior

I'm re-evaluating how item vectors interact with user queries. Specifically, I'm investigating if a large item vector norm could artificially inflate its dot product scores across many queries. I'm setting up a test script to experiment with cosine similarity versus raw dot product and analyze vector properties.

Recorded reasoning summary 57 words

Evaluating Training Dynamics

I'm focusing on the training objective, particularly how negative examples are selected and utilized. My current thought is to investigate limitations within the existing negative-sampling strategy. I will run train_current_model.py with the specified checkpoint and target weighting, and I'm paying close attention to the production context regarding latency and offline precomputation of item vectors.

Recorded reasoning summary 43 words

Refining Negative Sampling

I'm now deeply immersed in the training objective, specifically scrutinizing the mechanics of negative example selection and their impact. My primary effort is directed towards diagnosing and enhancing the current negative-sampling strategy, keeping the fixed CPU budget in sharp focus.

Tool callread_file/app/solution/train_current_model.py Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "end_line": 725,
  "file_path": "/app/solution/train_current_model.py",
  "start_line": 620
}

Tool response


IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated.
Status: Showing lines 620-725 of 2208 total lines.
Action: To read more of the file, you can use the 'start_line' and 'end_line' parameters in a subsequent 'read_file' call. For example, to read the next section of the file, use start_line: 726.

--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---
    byte_columns = negatives >> 3
    bit_columns = negatives & 7
    known = known_positive_packed[user_rows[:, None], byte_columns]
    invalid = ((known >> bit_columns) & 1).astype(bool)
    invalid |= negatives == targets[:, None]
    invalid |= (negatives[:, :, None] == liked_items[:, None, :]).any(axis=2)
    for column in range(1, negatives.shape[1]):
        invalid[:, column] |= (
            negatives[:, column, None] == negatives[:, :column]
        ).any(axis=1)
    return invalid


def draw_full_history_filtered_negatives(
    targets: torch.Tensor,
    user_rows: np.ndarray,
    liked_items: torch.Tensor,
    known_positive_packed: np.ndarray,
    n_items: int,
    config: Config,
    item_correction: torch.Tensor,
    generator: torch.Generator,
    device: torch.device,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Draw mixed negatives and reject all known public-training positives."""
    targets_cpu = targets.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    liked_cpu = liked_items.detach().cpu().numpy().astype(np.int64, copy=False)
    batch_size = len(targets_cpu)
    uniform = torch.randint(
        n_items,
        (batch_size, config.uniform_negatives),
        generator=generator,
        device="cpu",
    )
    inbatch = torch.empty((batch_size, 0), dtype=torch.long)
    corrected_count = 0
    if config.inbatch_negatives:
        if config.inbatch_sampling == "frequency":
            indices = torch.randint(
                batch_size,
                (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives),
                generator=generator,
                device="cpu",
            )
            inbatch = torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[indices]
            corrected_count = config.inbatch_negatives
        else:
            unique_targets = torch.unique(targets.detach().cpu())
            corrected_count = min(
                config.inbatch_negatives, max(len(unique_targets) - 1, 0)
            )
            if corrected_count:
                priorities = torch.rand(
                    (batch_size, len(unique_targets)), generator=generator
                )
                priorities.masked_fill_(
                    unique_targets[None, :].eq(
                        torch.from_numpy(targets_cpu)[:, None]
                    ),
                    -1.0,
                )
                columns = torch.topk(
                    priorities, k=corrected_count, dim=1
                ).indices
                inbatch = unique_targets[columns]
            if corrected_count < config.inbatch_negatives:
                filler = torch.randint(
                    n_items,
                    (batch_size, config.inbatch_negatives - corrected_count),
                    generator=generator,
                    device="cpu",
                )
                inbatch = torch.cat([inbatch, filler], dim=1)

    negatives = torch.cat([uniform, inbatch], dim=1).numpy()
    correction = np.ones_like(negatives, dtype=np.float32)
    if corrected_count and config.inbatch_correction_power != 0.0:
        correction[
            :, config.uniform_negatives : config.uniform_negatives + corrected_count
        ] = item_correction[inbatch[:, :corrected_count]].numpy()
    for _ in range(32):
        invalid = invalid_full_history_negatives(
            negatives,
            targets_cpu,
            user_rows,
            known_positive_packed,
            liked_cpu,
        )
        if not np.any(invalid):
            return (
                torch.from_numpy(negatives).to(device),
                torch.from_numpy(correction).to(device),
            )
        replacements = torch.randint(
            n_items,
            (int(invalid.sum()),),
            generator=generator,
            device="cpu",
        ).numpy()
        negatives[invalid] = replacements
        # Rejected in-batch items become ordinary uniform draws.
        correction[invalid] = 1.0
    invalid = invalid_full_history_negatives(
        negatives,
        targets_cpu,
        user_rows,
71

Measure fraction of inbatch negatives that hit known history

+36:19
Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Analyzing Invalid Patterns

I'm currently examining a loop that iterates 32 times, focusing on identifying invalid patterns within a full history of negatives. This involves comparing user data and known positives to pinpoint anomalies.

Recorded reasoning summary 45 words

Refining Replacement Logic

I've identified that invalid in-batch negatives are being uniformly replaced, with the correction factor set to 1.0. I'm now analyzing the implications of this, particularly considering the prevalence of popular music among active listeners and how that might skew these random replacements.

Model text

I will check how many in-batch negatives are flagged invalid and replaced during training.

Tool callrun_shell_commandMeasure fraction of inbatch negatives that hit known history Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Measure fraction of inbatch negatives that hit known history",
  "command": "python3 -c \"\nimport numpy as np\nimport torch\n\ncache = np.load('/app/solution/cache_val.npz')\nitems = cache['sequence_items']\noffsets = cache['offsets']\nlengths = np.diff(offsets)\ntotals = np.maximum(lengths - 1, 0)\nval_counts = np.floor(totals * 0.1).astype(int)\nval_counts[(totals >= 2) & (val_counts == 0)] = 1\nval_counts = np.minimum(val_counts, 16)\ntrain_counts = np.minimum(totals - val_counts, 128)\nwindow_starts = totals - val_counts - train_counts\n\n# build known_positive_packed\nwidth = (30000 + 7) // 8\npacked = np.zeros((len(offsets)-1, width), dtype=np.uint8)\nfor u in range(len(train_counts)):\n    c = train_counts[u]\n    if not c: continue\n    off = offsets[u]\n    seq_items = np.unique(items[off : off + c + 1])\n    np.bitwise_or.at(packed[u], seq_items >> 3, (1 << (seq_items & 7)).astype(np.uint8))\n\n# Simulate 1 block of 64 users, 100 steps -> 6400 targets\ntargets = []\nuser_rows = []\nfor u in range(64):\n    c = min(100, train_counts[u])\n    off = offsets[u]\n    ws = window_starts[u]\n    t = items[off + ws + 1 : off + ws + c + 1]\n    targets.extend(t)\n    user_rows.extend([u]*len(t))\n\ntargets = np.array(targets)\nuser_rows = np.array(user_rows)\nprint('Simulated batch size:', len(targets))\n\n# Draw 8 inbatch negatives using unique_targets\nunique_targets = np.unique(targets)\ninbatch_negatives = 8\npriorities = np.random.rand(len(targets), len(unique_targets))\nfor i in range(len(targets)):\n    priorities[i, unique_targets == targets[i]] = -1.0\n\ncols = np.argsort(-priorities, axis=1)[:, :inbatch_negatives]\ninbatch = unique_targets[cols]\n\n# Check how many are in known_positives\nbyte_cols = inbatch >> 3\nbit_cols = inbatch & 7\nknown = packed[user_rows[:, None], byte_cols]\nis_known = ((known >> bit_cols) & 1).astype(bool)\nprint('Inbatch negatives in known history:', is_known.mean())\n\""
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: Simulated batch size: 5644
Inbatch negatives in known history: 0.010077072997873849
Process Group PGID: 2184
</untrusted_context>
72

Test 32 uniform and 8 inbatch negatives

+36:43
Recorded reasoning summary 45 words

Analyzing Negative Loss Correction

I'm focusing on the corrected_negative_loss function. Given that only a tiny fraction of inbatch negatives are likely historical misses, the risk of false negative collision appears minimal. My current task is to delve deeper into this specific function's mechanics and implications.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Investigating Weight Application

I'm looking closely at how the weights variable, derived from correction and tied to specific in-batch negatives, is applied. I need to understand its precise role and origin within the draw_full_history_filtered_negatives process to ensure accurate loss correction.

Recorded reasoning summary 52 words

Clarifying Correction Weights

I'm trying to understand the item_correction calculation and how the derived weights are applied. My current focus is on a specific scenario where unpopular items receive significantly more weight (16x) than popular items in the in-batch loss calculation. This seems counterintuitive and prompts me to re-examine the underlying literature.

Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Understanding Logit Adjustment

I'm realizing that subtracting $\log Q(j)$ from the logit during training effectively penalizes popular items, decoupling their learned representations from mere popularity. This contrasts with the baseline, which downweighted popular items.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Revising Negative Sampling

I'm realizing my previous understanding was inverted. The correction actually amplifies the loss for popular items when they are sampled as negatives, rather than penalizing them. This significantly changes how I should approach the negative sampling strategy.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Re-evaluating Sampling Logic

I'm realizing the standard in-batch negative sampling doesn't inherently sample proportional to popularity. My initial assumption that popular items were over-represented as negatives was flawed due to uniform sampling. This changes how I'm viewing the impact of item_correction.

Recorded reasoning summary 49 words

Reviewing Past Experiments

I'm revisiting Experiment 1's setup: inbatch_sampling set to "frequency" with power at 0.0, which resulted in a significant score drop. My current focus is understanding why this happened, particularly how sampling tokens from the entire block, including a user's own tokens, impacts negative selection and correction.

Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Analyzing Sampling Logic

I'm realizing that my assumption about how in-batch negative sampling works was inverted. It appears that when a negative sample happens to be one of the user's own positive items, it's replaced by a uniformly random item, which has significant implications for my analysis.

Model text

I will run an experiment with 32 uniform negatives and 8 in-batch negatives with discovery-graded weighting.

Tool callrun_shell_commandTest 32 uniform and 8 inbatch negatives Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "description": "Test 32 uniform and 8 inbatch negatives",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --target-weighting discovery-graded \\\n  --uniform-negatives 32 \\\n  --inbatch-negatives 8 \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp_u32_i8.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp_u32_i8.parquet"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=1.001 max=4.000
loaded organic-like outcomes: rows=301,527 users=7,526
grade-3 first-encounter targets=46,417 horizon_days=7
target weighting=discovery-graded min=0.250 mean=0.310 max=3.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.553734 running_bce=0.541651 elapsed=210.9s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.53968 validation_loss=0.50096 pair_accuracy=0.767 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=224.9 validation_seconds=17.1
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.500963
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp_u32_i8.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 331.849,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 32,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.5,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "unique",
    "loss_type": "bce",
    "temperature": 0.07,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5396840075750924,
      "positive_logit": 0.7991228782080911,
      "negative_logit": -0.666870657387235,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7670769730462803,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 348780.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 224.8658826320002,
      "validation_loss": 0.5009625129150823,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 42129.5,
      "validation_seconds": 17.065873365000243
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.5185474157333374,
    "query_norm_std": 0.6887362599372864,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.9282952547073364,
    "item_norm_std": 0.830059289932251
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp_u32_i8.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.02329,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 2194
</untrusted_context>
73

Test inbatch-correction-power 0.75

+42:46
Recorded reasoning summary 38 words

Testing Hyperparameters Now

I'm currently diving into the impact of varying uniform_negatives and inbatch_negatives, specifically testing combinations like 24 and 4 respectively. I'm also keen to explore the effect of inbatch_correction_power, with initial tests at 0.75 and 1.0.

Model text

I will test --inbatch-correction-power 0.75 with target-weighting discovery-graded.

Tool callrun_shell_commandTest inbatch-correction-power 0.75 Returned

Tool call · Input

{
  "command": "python /app/solution/train_current_model.py \\\n  --stage validation \\\n  --public-dir /task \\\n  --prepared-cache /app/solution/cache_val.npz \\\n  --target-weighting discovery-graded \\\n  --inbatch-correction-power 0.75 \\\n  --output /app/solution/exp_power_075.parquet && \\\npython /task/evaluate_public.py /app/solution/exp_power_075.parquet",
  "dir_path": "/app/solution",
  "description": "Test inbatch-correction-power 0.75"
}

Tool response

<untrusted_context>
Output: loaded full-sequence cache: tokens=20,056,329 targets=20,047,194
chronological BCE window: train=1,052,953 validation=130,103 selected=1,183,056 discarded_old_targets=18,864,138 all=20,047,194
inbatch correction: min=0.250 mean_on_targets=0.998 max=4.000
loaded organic-like outcomes: rows=301,527 users=7,526
grade-3 first-encounter targets=46,417 horizon_days=7
target weighting=discovery-graded min=0.250 mean=0.310 max=3.000
full-history false-negative filter: users=9,135 unique_user_items=5,524,275 bytes=34,256,250
epoch=1/1 batches=250 targets=987,417 batch_bce=0.544805 running_bce=0.537089 elapsed=196.3s
epoch=1/1 train_loss=0.53509 validation_loss=0.49793 pair_accuracy=0.759 train_targets=1,052,953 validation_targets=130,103 train_seconds=209.4 validation_seconds=15.5
restored best validation-BCE checkpoint: epoch=1 loss=0.497935
ranked users=1,024/8,456
ranked users=2,048/8,456
ranked users=3,072/8,456
ranked users=4,096/8,456
ranked users=5,120/8,456
ranked users=6,144/8,456
ranked users=7,168/8,456
ranked users=8,192/8,456
ranked users=8,456/8,456
{
  "baseline": "yambda-windowed-sequence-two-tower-base",
  "stage": "validation",
  "output": "/app/solution/exp_power_075.parquet",
  "rows": 845600,
  "users": 8456,
  "runtime_seconds": 314.107,
  "public_inputs_only": true,
  "architecture": {
    "family": "pure-windowed-sequence-two-tower",
    "sequence_training": "every-adjacent-target-within-recent-chronological-window",
    "sequence_encoder": "one-layer-GRU-dense-timestep-loss",
    "bptt_hidden_state": "carried-and-detached",
    "model_selection": "chronological-validation-BCE-early-stopping",
    "loss_execution": "gradient-accumulated-microbatches",
    "user_id_embedding": false,
    "user_mlp": "582-512-256-192",
    "item_mlp": "196-512-256-192",
    "normalization": "none",
    "score": "raw-dot-product",
    "objective": "sample-weighted-BCE-at-every-timestep",
    "negative_sampling": "24-uniform-plus-8-propensity-corrected-inbatch",
    "false_negative_filter": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded"
  },
  "config": {
    "bptt_steps": 100,
    "user_batch_size": 64,
    "embedding_dim": 192,
    "hidden_dim": 192,
    "user_hidden_1": 512,
    "user_hidden_2": 256,
    "item_hidden_1": 512,
    "item_hidden_2": 256,
    "dropout": 0.05,
    "epochs": 1,
    "learning_rate": 0.001,
    "weight_decay": 1e-05,
    "gradient_clip": 2.0,
    "loss_microbatch_size": 65536,
    "uniform_negatives": 24,
    "inbatch_negatives": 8,
    "inbatch_correction_power": 0.75,
    "inbatch_correction_min": 0.25,
    "inbatch_correction_max": 4.0,
    "inbatch_sampling": "unique",
    "loss_type": "bce",
    "temperature": 0.07,
    "negative_filter_scope": "full-training-history",
    "target_weighting": "discovery-graded",
    "ordinary_target_weight": 0.25,
    "organic_strong_target_weight": 1.0,
    "organic_like_target_weight": 3.0,
    "discovery_horizon_days": 7,
    "validation_fraction": 0.1,
    "max_train_targets_per_user": 128,
    "max_validation_targets_per_user": 16,
    "early_stopping_patience": 1,
    "early_stopping_min_delta": 0.0001,
    "seed": 29
  },
  "sequence_tokens": 20056329,
  "all_next_item_targets": 20047194,
  "selected_training_targets": 1052953,
  "selected_validation_targets": 130103,
  "discarded_old_targets": 18864138,
  "training_history": [
    {
      "epoch": 1.0,
      "loss": 0.5350934987891478,
      "positive_logit": 0.8239995633075552,
      "negative_logit": -0.627545965057021,
      "pair_accuracy": 0.7592069636536484,
      "targets": 1052953.0,
      "target_weight_sum": 348780.0,
      "batches": 266.0,
      "seconds": 209.39203050000015,
      "validation_loss": 0.4979345806938763,
      "validation_targets": 130103.0,
      "validation_target_weight_sum": 42129.5,
      "validation_seconds": 15.500389529000131
    }
  ],
  "embedding_diagnostics": {
    "query_norm_mean": 1.6196733713150024,
    "query_norm_std": 0.7711300849914551,
    "item_norm_mean": 1.921000599861145,
    "item_norm_std": 0.8289750814437866
  },
  "torch_version": "2.8.0+cpu",
  "device": "cpu"
}
{
  "model": "/app/solution/exp_power_075.parquet",
  "scores": {
    "quality_ndcg@10": 0.022358,
    "quality_users": 4263
  }
}
Process Group PGID: 2243
</untrusted_context>
74

Final response

+49:11
Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Testing Hyperparameters Further

I'm continuing to explore the parameter space, moving from the initial power adjustments to now investigating the impact of varying uniform_negatives and inbatch_negatives. I'm systematically testing different combinations to refine performance.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Incorporating Dislikes

I'm now considering the impact of explicit user dislikes. Over 60% of users have provided dislikes, and I believe these can serve as powerful hard negative examples. I'm exploring how to leverage these confirmed negative interactions during training to refine the model's understanding of user preferences.

Recorded reasoning summary 41 words

Revisiting Negatives Now

I've realized that the user tower already incorporates explicit dislikes as an input feature, so my previous focus was slightly off. Now, I'm stepping back to more broadly investigate all available negative sampling strategies within our CPU constraints.

Recorded reasoning summary 40 words

Evaluating Negative Sampling

I'm now systematically evaluating several negative sampling strategies: uniform, in-batch, popularity-biased, and dynamic hard negatives. My focus is on how these interact with our loss functions, particularly corrected_negative_loss, and ensuring false positives aren't inadvertently treated as negatives.

Recorded reasoning summary 34 words

Refining Negative Scoring

I'm re-examining score_target_microbatches, specifically lines 1175-1190. My current focus is on how corrected_negative_loss is being applied to negative logits and their associated weights. This feels like a critical area for optimization.

Recorded reasoning summary 48 words

Adjusting Loss Weights

I'm questioning the simple averaging of positive and negative losses. I'm exploring the impact of introducing a tunable lambda parameter to weight the negative loss independently, considering that the mean of negatives might be a more direct measure of true negatives than the raw softplus.

Recorded reasoning summary 47 words

Focusing on Hardest Negatives

I'm now concentrating on identifying and prioritizing the hardest negatives within each batch, rather than averaging all of them. The hypothesis is that focusing gradients on these more challenging examples will drive more significant improvements in retrieval ranking, mirroring strategies from metric learning.

Recorded reasoning summary 56 words

Investigating Training Length

I've discovered a critical oversight: the baseline configuration only trains for a single epoch with an early stopping patience of one. This severely limited the model's learning, particularly with InfoNCE loss, which showed minimal improvement within that single epoch. I'm now assessing how many epochs we can realistically train within our time budget.

Model text

I will test running 3 epochs with --target-weighting discovery-graded to see if additional epochs improve validation performance.

Recorded session usage
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About this recording

The full recorded conversation: task prompt, agent messages, thinking text when available, tool inputs and outputs, and harness context. Empty thinking entries are labeled unavailable, not reconstructed from tool calls. Disclosures change the view; they do not shorten the content. Any truncation already present in tool output is preserved.

Steps follow the recorded model messages and reasoning events. Tool results appear with their originating call. Elapsed time starts with the first recorded event and excludes verification.

Attempt
gemini-3-8-flash-high-case1-r02-b9049e57
Recorded model
gemini-3.8-flash
Harness version
0.61.0
Session
25b40c97-66e8-4d3b-b603-7308676f184f
Source SHA-256
2a927201ccf7d8f004d989e24cc8d912a1de1388c42ecf47c86d49d733b4fbd5

Session bookkeeping and encrypted reasoning or signatures are excluded from the reading export. The harness’s system prompt is not present in this session archive.